temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
C. urinary retention
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
never
unlikely
likely
always
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN
TMPRSS2ERG chromosome fusion
P53 mutations and overexpression of MYC
all of the above
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
never
unlikely
likely
always
variants in the 8q24 region on chromosome 8, in sporadic cases
alterations on chromosome 1, chromosome 17, and the X chromosome, in some familial cases
the human prostate cancer gene is on the X chromosome
all are true
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above