urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
B. impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
never
unlikely
likely
always
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN
TMPRSS2ERG chromosome fusion
P53 mutations and overexpression of MYC
all of the above
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
never
unlikely
likely
always
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
pathological bone fractures
biochemical failure following radiation therapy
hepato-renal disease following chemotherapy
upgrading the pre-treatment risk stratification
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above