used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
D. it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
never
unlikely
likely
always
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
never
unlikely
likely
always
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor