What class of prostate cancer medications causes an initial increase in LH, FSH levels and consequently a rise in testosterone level for few weeks?
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
Correct Answer :
A. GnRH agonists
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists bind to the GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotropin-producing cells, causing an initial release of LH and FSH.
Related Questions
What condition does NOT appear as a hypoechoic lesion in the prostate on TRUS?
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
What is false regarding prostate adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone?
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
Partin tables are probability tables for the determination of pathologic stages of prostatic cancers based on:
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
Which of the following tests has the highest positive predictive value for prostate cancer?
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
What is false concerning prostate cancer?
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
What is true surrounding PSA?
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
What are the clinical parameters of tissue ablation achieved by cryotherapy for cancer cells destruction?
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
What is the likelihood that patients with positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy will be cured for prostate cancer?
never
unlikely
likely
always
In descending order, to where do prostate cancers metastasize?
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
Regarding treating prostate cancer patients, watchful waiting is a reasonable option for:
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
Regarding treating prostate cancer patients, watchful waiting strategy involves:
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
What is false concerning antiandrogen class of prostate cancer medications?
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
Which factor is closely related to the return to urinary continence function after radical retropubic prostatectomy?
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
What is the likelihood that prostate cells die in a single freeze cycle of cryotherapy when tissue temperature reaches colder than - 400 C?
never
unlikely
likely
always
During retropubic radical prostatectomy, what complication could be encountered on dividing the dorsal vein complex anteriorly?
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
Which PSA value interpretation is incorrect?
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
In descending order, the commonest complications of external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer are:
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
For prostate cancer patients, what do Partin tables predict?
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
What is false concerning the interpretation of Gleason scoring system?
a low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue
it indicates how likely the tumor will spread
the more cellular atypia observed the higher scoring will be
it relies only on the glandular architectural pattern
Screening for prostate cancer is recommended for men who are:
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
Regarding radical prostatectomy, the commonest site of positive surgical margins is the:
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
All of the following modalities are used as salvage therapies after failing radiation therapy for prostate cancer treatment, EXCEPT:
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
In which of the following cases PSA testing is NOT indicated:
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
In which of the following situations prostate biopsy is most indicated?
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
What is the commonest complication of high-intensity focused ultrasound on treating localized prostate cancer?
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
What is against using TRUS-guided therapy for focal prostate cancer?
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
Genetically, what are the changes associated with poor survival in prostate cancer patients?
loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN
TMPRSS2ERG chromosome fusion
P53 mutations and overexpression of MYC
all of the above
What is false concerning Gleason scoring system for prostate cancers?
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
What class of prostate cancer medications causes an initial increase in LH, FSH levels and consequently a rise in testosterone level for few weeks?
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
What is false concerning thawing procedure to treat prostate cancer cells?
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery