never
unlikely
likely
always
B. unlikely
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
multifocality
high tumor grade and advanced stage
presence of CIS
all of the above
mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
lateral margins of the prostate at the 10 and 2 oclock positions
entire area distal to the urethral crest
area between ejaculatory duct openings and prostatic utricle
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
40 - 55%
55 - 70%
70 - 85%
85 - 100%
0.6 - 2%
2 - 6%
6 - 10%
12 - 16%
there will be no target tumor tissue to work on
post-op. hematuria interacts unfavorably with BCG composition
of the risk of systemic absorption and sepsis
of the high risk of BCG reflux to kidneys while bladder irrigation
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
tumor stage
tumor grade
lymphovascular invasion
lymph node spread
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
the standard treatment is transurethral resection
the prognosis for inverted papilloma is pathetic, with a recurrence rate of approximately 65%
the likelihood of synchronous urothelial carcinoma is 26%
has been shown to harbor p53 gene mutations
irritative bladder symptoms
obstructive bladder symptoms
palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination
painless profuse hematuria
bladder perforation
obturator nerve reflex
vesico-ureteral reflux
terrible bleeding
never
unlikely
likely
always
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes
the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes
the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes
the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes
radical cysto-prostatectomy
anterior pelvic exenteration
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy
creation of a urinary diversion
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
comparable
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
30%
40%
50%
60%
2 - 4%
4 - 6%
6 - 8%
8 - 10%
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
patients with carcinoma in situ
patients with completely resected solitary tumor
patients with preserved kidney and liver functions after 2 courses of BCG
patients with leiomyosarcoma
leiomyoma
hemangioma
fibroepithelial polyp
lymphangioma