PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
A. PSA
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
variants in the 8q24 region on chromosome 8, in sporadic cases
alterations on chromosome 1, chromosome 17, and the X chromosome, in some familial cases
the human prostate cancer gene is on the X chromosome
all are true
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands