volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3
A. volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
never
unlikely
likely
always
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane