bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
B. docetaxel
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
never
unlikely
likely
always
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
never
unlikely
likely
always
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation