constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
B. renin inhibition
scattered radiation from the unleaded wall
scattered radiation from the patient
scattered radiation from the floor and ceiling
radiation from the primary beam
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
hyperoxaluria
hypercalciuria
hyperuricosuria
hyperphosphateuria
uretero-pelvic junction
uretero-vesical junction
where ureters cross the pelvic brim
where ureters cross the common iliac bifurcation
at mid-day
at the hour of sleep
in the morning
late afternoon
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
intratubular crystal formation might occur
CT cannot reliably confirm the presence of indinavir calculi
stone formation is demonstrated in 80% of patients taking the medication
is a protease inhibitor with poor solubility and significant urinary excretion
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Chlamydia trachomatis
E. coli
Neisseria gonorrhea
cystoscopy
CT urography
urine cytology
all of the above
Scarpa`s fascia
fascia lata
Dartos fascia
Camper`s fascia
occurs due to the interaction between the chemical components of the urine and polyvinyl chloride material in the urine bag
it is commonly symptomless
more common in female nursing home residents
commonly implicated bacteria are K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. coli
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
BPH
bladder cancer
gender
age
obstructing stone at left lower ureter
rhabdomyolysis
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
protease
lyase
carboxylase
hydrolase
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
clotting factor VIII deficiency
clotting factor IX deficiency
breech delivery
scrotal cavernous haemangioma
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
seminoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant melanoma
middle rectal
inferior vesical
a & b
none of the above
the renal pelvis could be intra or extra renal
the renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces
major calyces divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces
unlike lateral calyces, polar calyces are often paired
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
ice slush
heparin
norepinephrine
methylene blue
Serratia marcescens
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium difficile
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
third
fourth
fifth
seventh
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
bulbous urethra
programmed cell death
new vascular formation
uninhibited neural stimulation
premature muscular contraction