At which condition is alpha-fetoprotein most frequently elevated?
infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
seminoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant melanoma
Correct Answer :
C. hepatocellular carcinoma
AFT is produced by the liver, gastro-intestinal tract, yolk sac, and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testes. By definition, seminoma and choriocarcinoma do not produce AFP.
Related Questions
Which statement is false concerning microhematuria?
malignancy is identified in patients presenting with microhematuria more than in patients presenting with gross hematuria
microscopic hematuria is defined as > 3 red blood cells per high powered field (RBC/hpf) on a single specimen
warrants full hematuria workup
history of cigarette smoking is of significance
What antibiotic could result in red man syndrome?
vancomycin
clindamycin
streptomycin
tobramycin
Which anomaly might accompany horseshoe kidneys?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
Which period of intrauterine life does the process of organ formation (organogenesis) take place?
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
Which of the following does asymptomatic hematuria workup include?
cystoscopy
CT urography
urine cytology
all of the above
At what month of intra-uterine life do testes descend into the scrotum with the aid of the intra-abdominal pressure and the gubernacula?
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
What is the function of PSA in semen?
increases semen volume
has antimicrobial activity
liquefies the seminal coagulum
decreases semen pH
What increases blood volume and pressure in corpora cavernosa during erection is:
increase in sympathetic discharge
contraction of ischiocavernosa and bulbocavernosa muscles
increase arterial flow and closure of emissary veins
shunting of blood from the dorsal to the central cavernosal artery
What causes ureteral dilation during pregnancy is:
mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
Which of the following is false regarding zona glomeruloza?
the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
What do the specialized cells, at the juxtaglomerular apparatus, produce?
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
What is the best method to evaluate calcium levels in the urine?
from early morning urine sample
comparing urine and serum calcium at a given time
performing 24 urine collection
from a mid-stream urine sample
Which type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is more likely to form renal stones?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
Adult size of bladder capacity is achieved at what age?
5 6 yrs.
7 8 yrs.
9 10 yrs.
11 12 yrs.
What are the first and second most common zones from where prostate cancers arise?
central then transitional
peripheral then transitional
peripheral then central
transitional then central
Which medicine(s) might enhance hypoprothrombinemic effect on oral anticoagulants?
allopurinol
aminoglycosides
cimetidine
all of the above
What class of antibiotics might cause vestibular and/or auditory impairment?
aminoglycosides
αantipseudomonal penicillins
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
What is the best initial therapy for hyponatremic dehydration?
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
What is the most common cause of hematuria in men over 60 yrs.?
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
BPH
bladder cancer
Which of the following is (are) direct branch(es) of the abdominal aorta?
median sacral artery
inferior phrenic arteries
gonadal arteries
all of the above
Which type of urinary casts are solidified TammHorsfall mucoproteins secreted from the tubular epithelial cells of individual nephrons?
granular
hyaline
waxy
pigment
By which of the following structures, do the fused lower poles of hoarseshoe kidneys get trapped during embryologic ascent?
inferior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
celiac artery
common iliac artery
Which of the following carries the greatest risk of HIV transmission to health care workers?
splash of patient`s blood to the eyes
splash of patient`s blood to the mouth
surgical suture needle stick
hollow bore needle stick
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may occur because of:
inherited chromosomal-mediated resistance
acquired chromosomal-mediated resistance
extrachromosomal-mediated resistance
all of the above
Which class of the following diuretics could cause erectile dysfunction?
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
potassium sparing diuretics
osmotic diuretics
Which of the following contributes second to the seminal fluid by volume?
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
In utero, which hormone stimulates the development of the prostate gland?
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
Which of the following diabetes mellitus treatments causes erectile dysfunction?
long-acting insulin
metformin
sulfonylurea
none of the above
What is the prime effect of antidiuretic hormone on kidneys?
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion
From where does the main parasympathetic efferent innervation to the pelvic plexus arise?
S1
S2-S4
T11-L2
L3-S1