Which type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is more likely to form renal stones?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
Correct Answer :
A. type 1
type 1 is characterized by calcium deposition due to Inability to excrete acid into the urine.
Related Questions
What nerve provides the major neural supply to the striated urinary sphincter and levator ani muscle?
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
What is the best method to evaluate calcium levels in the urine?
from early morning urine sample
comparing urine and serum calcium at a given time
performing 24 urine collection
from a mid-stream urine sample
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of hydrochlorothiazide?
hypercholesterolemia
hyperuricemia
hypoglycemia
hypercalcemia
What is the most frequent anomaly associated with multicystic renal dysplasia?
ureteral atresia
vesicoureteral reflux
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureteral duplication
What is false concerning coagulase splitting bacteria (Griess) test?
it is a reduction reaction that converts nitrate to nitrite
nitrazine reagent papers are used to elicit the reaction
it is false negative in diluted urine, on taking vitamin C, and in gram +ve bacteria
the reaction takes 4 minutes to complete
At which week of gestation do the primordial germ cells migrate to form the genital ridges?
third
fourth
fifth
seventh
Which zone of the prostate originates from the Wolffian duct tissue:
central zone
peripheral zone
transitional zone
periurethral glands
Which lab results indicate poor prognosis of male infertility?
azoospermia; normal FSH; increase LH
azoospermia; decrease FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; increase FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; normal FSH; decrease LH
What do urine tests examine to detect hematuria?
catalase activity of erythrocytes
peroxidase activity of erythrocytes
lyase activity of erythrocytes
none of the above
The mature genitourinary system develops from all of the following embryonic sources, EXCEPT:
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
What causes pure testicular feminization is:
over estrogen synthesis
defective end-organ androgen response
extra X chromosome (XXY)
failure of genital ridge regression
How can hyperuricosuria cause calcium oxalate calculi?
by increasing oxalate absorption
by heterogeneous nucleation
by inducing hyperoxaluria
by reducing urate crystals saturation
Which artery is NOT a branch of the anterior division of internal iliac artery?
superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery
superior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
What is the most significant innervation of the vas deferens?
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
none of the above
What class of antibiotics might cause vestibular and/or auditory impairment?
aminoglycosides
αantipseudomonal penicillins
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
The majority of circulating testosterone is:
bound to sex hormone-binding globulin
free
bound to α1-antichymotrypsin
bound to albumin
Which of the following hormones, primarily, controls spermatogenesis?
GnRH
testosterone
LH
FSH
Beside renal excretion of sodium, what does atrial natriuretic hormone cause?
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
Which organism is capable of proliferation in the urine and causing urethritis?
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Chlamydia trachomatis
E. coli
Neisseria gonorrhea
Which period of intrauterine life does the process of organ formation (organogenesis) take place?
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
Which statement regarding post-obstructive diuresis (POD) is false?
urine production exceeding 200 ml/hr for 2 consecutive hours or producing greater than 3 L of urine in 24 hours is diagnostic of POD
pathologic POD can be exacerbated by excessive fluid replacement
the replacement fluid choice is ringer lactate
fluid resuscitation depends on the degree of dehydration
Which of the following carries the greatest risk of HIV transmission to health care workers?
splash of patient`s blood to the eyes
splash of patient`s blood to the mouth
surgical suture needle stick
hollow bore needle stick
All of the following develop from the mesonephric ducts, EXCEPT:
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
appendix epididymis
appendix testis
The commonest neoplasms that metastasize to kidneys come from:
breasts
thyroids
lungs
liver
Which of the following is NOT a part of the urogenital diaphragm structures?
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
What are the first and second most common zones from where prostate cancers arise?
central then transitional
peripheral then transitional
peripheral then central
transitional then central
In which condition can NOT creatinine level be 1200 mg/dL?
an aspirate of pelvic urinoma
in untreated end-stage renal failure disease
a sample from a wound drain after pyeloplasty
a sample from suprapubic catheter
Which anomaly might accompany horseshoe kidneys?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
Serum testosterone should be measured:
at mid-day
at the hour of sleep
in the morning
late afternoon
Which of the following does NOT increase in prostate cancer?
human kallikrein 2
pro-PSA
free PSA
complexed PSA