What does apoptosis mean?
programmed cell death
new vascular formation
uninhibited neural stimulation
premature muscular contraction
Correct Answer :
A. programmed cell death
apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old, and unnecessary cells.
Related Questions
Which of the following lab results indicates prerenal failure?
serum BUN : creatinine > 20
urine [Na] < 30 mEq/L
Na excretion fraction < 1
all of the above
What could cause autonomic dysreflexia?
full bladder or rectum
tooth extraction
hypertension medications
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
What is the half-life of β-HCG?
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
What is false concerning fosfomycin antibiotic?
has a limited cross-resistance with most common antibacterial agents
causes injection site reactions
is active against most uropathogens
is effective as a single-dose agent
Which group(s) of lymph nodes drain(s) the glans penis?
internal and external iliac
superficial inguinal
deep inguinal
superficial and deep inguinal
Regarding renal ectopia, usually, the adrenals:
are cross ectopic
are at their normal position
travel with the kidneys
undergo ischemic atrophy
Which statement explains the first event in the micturition reflex?
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
What do urine tests examine to detect hematuria?
catalase activity of erythrocytes
peroxidase activity of erythrocytes
lyase activity of erythrocytes
none of the above
To which region does pain, from the left mid ureter, refer to?
the loin region
the inguinal region
the umbilical region
the penis or clitoris
Which of the following does asymptomatic hematuria workup include?
cystoscopy
CT urography
urine cytology
all of the above
Which of the prostate medications could result in retrograde ejaculation?
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
Which of the following is NOT a part of the urogenital diaphragm structures?
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
Which period of intrauterine life does the process of organ formation (organogenesis) take place?
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
The commonest neoplasms that metastasize to kidneys come from:
breasts
thyroids
lungs
liver
Which of the following mediates calcium reabsorption in the distal renal tubules?
aldosterone
hypocalcemia
parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
Which structure is a part of the renal hilum?
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
Which type of renal stone crystals is known as coffin lid?
oxalate
struvite
urate
cystine
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypocitraturia?
high protein diet
hypokalaemia
proximal renal tubular acidosis
idiopathic
Which agent is safe to kidneys?
amoxicillin
gentamycin
diclofenac
herb extract
Which layer lies between the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes?
Scarpa`s fascia
fascia lata
Dartos fascia
Camper`s fascia
What is false concerning coagulase splitting bacteria (Griess) test?
it is a reduction reaction that converts nitrate to nitrite
nitrazine reagent papers are used to elicit the reaction
it is false negative in diluted urine, on taking vitamin C, and in gram +ve bacteria
the reaction takes 4 minutes to complete
At what month of intra-uterine life do testes descend into the scrotum with the aid of the intra-abdominal pressure and the gubernacula?
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
What is the earliest clinical sign of puberty in boys?
hoarseness of voice
enlargement of testes
appearance of axillary hair
change in body odor
How many days does spermatogenesis take in the man?
16
32
64
90
Which of the following is false regarding zona glomeruloza?
the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
Which anomaly might accompany horseshoe kidneys?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
At which type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA), typically, potassium levels increase?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
Which class of the following agents does NOT impair spermatogenesis?
alkylating agents
phenothiazines
antiandrogens
prostaglandins
What increases blood volume and pressure in corpora cavernosa during erection is:
increase in sympathetic discharge
contraction of ischiocavernosa and bulbocavernosa muscles
increase arterial flow and closure of emissary veins
shunting of blood from the dorsal to the central cavernosal artery
Which of the following is NOT related to von Hippel-Lindau disease?
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys