What is false concerning prostate cancer?
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
Correct Answer :
D. low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
fat intake and obesity may play a role in the development of prostate cancer.
Related Questions
What is false concerning thawing procedure to treat prostate cancer cells?
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
Prostate-specific membrane antigen has been detected in:
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
What is false concerning prostate cancer?
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
Regarding radiotherapy for prostate cancer, what is the lowest recommended dose for salvage therapy?
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
Fill the blanks: on treating prostate cancer patients, the median time from PSA failure to the development of metastatic disease after radical prostatectomy is approximately (…) yrs. and from the time of metastases to death is approximately (…) yrs..
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
What is true about the usefulness of Gleason scoring system?
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
What is the commonest complication of high-intensity focused ultrasound on treating localized prostate cancer?
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
Regarding chemotherapy for prostate cancers, nonsteroidal antiandrogens will result in:
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
What condition does NOT appear as a hypoechoic lesion in the prostate on TRUS?
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
During retropubic radical prostatectomy, what complication could be encountered on dividing the dorsal vein complex anteriorly?
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
What is false concerning the interpretation of Gleason scoring system?
a low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue
it indicates how likely the tumor will spread
the more cellular atypia observed the higher scoring will be
it relies only on the glandular architectural pattern
Which factor(s) determine(s) the return to normal erectile function after radical retropubic prostatectomy?
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
What is false concerning Gleason scoring system for prostate cancers?
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
Partin tables are probability tables for the determination of pathologic stages of prostatic cancers based on:
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
What is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer?
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
Solid lesions in the seminal vesicles are most likely to be a result of:
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
What is false regarding prostate adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone?
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
Concerning prostate cancers, a pre-treatment PSA velocity of > 2 ng/mL/yr is associated with an increased risk of:
pathological bone fractures
biochemical failure following radiation therapy
hepato-renal disease following chemotherapy
upgrading the pre-treatment risk stratification
What is true surrounding PSA?
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
What is false regarding the diagnosis of prostate cancer?
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
What is true regarding prostatic tissue levels of hK2?
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
What pathologic findings after radical prostatectomy are predictive for occult metastases?
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
What is the major advantage of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation before radical prostatectomy on treating clinical stages (cT1-T2) prostate cancers?
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
What is the primary mechanism of prostate tissue ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound?
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
What are the clinical parameters of tissue ablation achieved by cryotherapy for cancer cells destruction?
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
All of the following modalities are used as salvage therapies after failing radiation therapy for prostate cancer treatment, EXCEPT:
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
For prostate cancer patients, what do Partin tables predict?
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
Regarding treating prostate cancer patients, watchful waiting strategy involves:
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
Regarding treating prostate cancer patients, watchful waiting is a reasonable option for:
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
In descending order, to where do prostate cancers metastasize?
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands