preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
A. preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
variants in the 8q24 region on chromosome 8, in sporadic cases
alterations on chromosome 1, chromosome 17, and the X chromosome, in some familial cases
the human prostate cancer gene is on the X chromosome
all are true
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
pathological bone fractures
biochemical failure following radiation therapy
hepato-renal disease following chemotherapy
upgrading the pre-treatment risk stratification
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
the age of the patient
preoperative potency status
extent of nerve-sparing surgery
all of the above
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
never
unlikely
likely
always
loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN
TMPRSS2ERG chromosome fusion
P53 mutations and overexpression of MYC
all of the above
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection