Nickel, chromium and iron
Nickel, copper
Nickel, Chromium
Nickel, zinc
A. Nickel, chromium and iron
Mild steel
Alloy steel
High carbon
Tungsten steel
Decreases as the carbon content in steel increases
Increases as the carbon content in steel increases
Is same for all steels
Depends upon the rate of heating
Chromium and nickel
Nickel and molybdenum
Aluminium and zinc
Tungsten and sulphur
Does not effect
Decreases
Increases
None of these
0.5% of phosphorous
1% phosphorous
2.5% phosphorous
None of the above
Cast iron
Vitrified clay
Asbestos cement
Concrete
High tensile strength
Its elastic limit close to the ultimate breaking strength
High ductility
All of the above
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Which are destroyed by burning
Which after their destruction are recycled to produce fresh steel
Which are deoxidised in the ladle with silicon and aluminium
In which carbon is completely burnt
Amount of cementite it contains
Amount of carbon it contains
Contents of alloying elements
Method of manufacture of steel
Nickel and copper
Nickel and chromium
Nickel, Chromium and iron
Copper and chromium
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
Copper and zinc
Copper and tin
Copper, tin and zinc
None of these
13% carbon and 87% ferrite
13% cementite and 87% ferrite
13% ferrite and 87% cementite
6.67% carbon and 93.33% iron
Hard
Soft
Ductile
Tough
1% silver
2.5% silver
5% silver
10% silver
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
Nickel, chromium and iron
Nickel, copper
Nickel, Chromium
Nickel, zinc
It contains carbon of the order of 0 to 0.25%
It melts at 1535°C
It is very soft and ductile
It is made by adding suitable percentage of carbon to molten iron and subjecting the product to repeated hammering and rolling.
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Brass
Bronze
Gun metal
Muntz metal
Nichrome
Invar
Magnin
Elinvar
Vanadium, chromium, tungsten
Tungsten, titanium, vanadium
Chromium, titanium, vanadium
Tungsten, chromium, titanium
Hot hardness
Toughness
Wear resistance
Sharp cutting edge
In which parts are not loaded
In which stress remains constant on increasing load
In which deformation tends to loosen the joint and produces a stress reduced
Stress reduces on increasing load
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 0.4 to 0.7% magnesium, 0.4 to 0.7% manganese and rest aluminium
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 1.2 to 1.7% manganese, 1.8 to 2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium and iron, and rest aluminium
4 to 4.5% magnesium, 3 to 4% copper and rest aluminium
5 to 6% tin, 2 to 3% copper and rest aluminium