Formation of bainite structure
Carburised structure
Martenistic structure
Lamellar layers of carbide distributed throughout the structure
A. Formation of bainite structure
Lead base alloy
Copper base alloy
Tin base alloy
Cadmium base alloy
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper, 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Iron scrap and zinc
Cast iron
High speed steel
All nonferrous materials
All of the above
Copper
Brass
Lead
Silver
No graphite
A very high percentage of graphite
A low percentage of graphite
Graphite as its basic constituent of composition
Copper
Chromium
Nickel
Silicon
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. I is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions o magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Hearth
Stack
Bosh
Throat
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Cast iron
Cast steel
Brass
Admiralty metal
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Malleability
It contains carbon of the order of 0 to 0.25%
It melts at 1535°C
It is very soft and ductile
It is made by adding suitable percentage of carbon to molten iron and subjecting the product to repeated hammering and rolling.
0.1 to 0.5 %
0.5 to 1 %
1 to 5 %
5 to 10 %
Carbon
Sulphur
Silicon
Manganese
Naked eye
Optical microscope
Metallurgical microscope
X-ray techniques
3 m
6 m
9 m
12 m
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferroelectric
Dielectric
Point defect
Line defect
Plane defect
Volumetric defect
High temperature and low strain rates favour brittle fracture
Many metals with hexagonal close packed (H.C.P) crystal structure commonly show brittle fracture
Brittle fracture is always preceded by noise
Cup and cone formation is characteristic for brittle materials
Copper and zinc
Copper and tin
Copper, tin and zinc
None of these
Nickel steel
Chrome steel
Nickel-chrome steel
Silicon steel
Nichrome
Invar
Magnin
Elinvar
Creep
Fatigue
Endurance
Plastic deformation
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids
High yield point
High fatigue limit
Both (A) and (B)
None of these
Free form
Combined form
Nodular form
Partly in free and partly in combined state
Alloy and carbon tool steel
Magnet steel
High speed tool steel
All of these
Hard
Soft
Tough
Hard and tough
Alpha iron, beta iron and gamma iron
Alpha iron and beta iron
Body centred cubic iron and face centred cubic iron
Alpha iron, gamma from and delta iron
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% tin
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 75% copper and rest tin