Creep
Fatigue
Endurance
Plastic deformation
A. Creep
0.02
0.1
02
0.4
Nickel, chromium and manganese
Tungsten, molybdenum and phosphorous
Lead, tin, aluminium
Zinc, sulphur, and chromium
Ductile material
Malleable material
Brittle material
Tough material
By forming a bulge
By shearing along oblique plane
In direction perpendicular to application of load
By crushing into thousands of pieces
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Make the steel tougher and harder
Raise the yield point
Make the steel ductile and of good bending qualities
All of the above
It is prone to age hardening
It can be forged
It has good machining properties
It is lighter than pure aluminium
0.5% of phosphorous
1% phosphorous
2.5% phosphorous
None of the above
1% silver
2% silver
5% silver
No silver
Dipping steel in cyanide bath
Reacting steel surface with cyanide salts
Adding carbon and nitrogen by heat treatment of steel to increase its surface hardness
Obtaining cyanide salts
Are formed into shape under heat and pressure and results in a permanently hard product
Do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs
Are flexible and can withstand considerable wear under suitable conditions
Are used as a friction lining for clutches and brakes
Malleable iron
Nodular iron
Spheroidal iron
Grey iron
F.C.C.
B.C.C.
H.C.P.
Orthorhombic crystalline structure
Silver and some impurities
Refined silver
Nickel, Copper and zinc
Nickel and copper
Cold rolled steel
Hot rolled steel
Forged steel
Cast steel
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
Brittle
It contains carbon of the order of 0 to 0.25%
It melts at 1535°C
It is very soft and ductile
It is made by adding suitable percentage of carbon to molten iron and subjecting the product to repeated hammering and rolling.
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled in still air
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled suddenly in a suitable cooling medium
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled slowly in the furnace
Heated below or closes to the lower critical temperature and then cooled slowly
Chromium
Silicon
Manganese
Magnesium
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Steel with 0.8% carbon is wholly pearlite
The amount of cementite increases with the increase in percentage of carbon in iron
A mechanical mixture of 87% cementite and 13% ferrite is called pearlite
The cementite is identified as round particles in the structure
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
Shot peening
Nitriding of surface
Cold working
Surface decarburisation
Adding carbon up to 2.8%
Adding carbon up to 6.3%
Adding carbon up to 0.83%
Adding small quantities of copper
Substitutional solution
Interstitial solid solution
Intermetallic compounds
All of the above
Which are destroyed by burning
Which after their destruction are recycled to produce fresh steel
Which are deoxidised in the ladle with silicon and aluminium
In which carbon is completely burnt
Strength
Stiffness
Toughness
Brittleness
Low wear resistance
Low hardness
Low tensile strength
Toughness
80% or more iron
50% or more iron
Alloying elements like chromium, tungsten nickel and copper
Elements like phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in varying quantities
Made by adding carbon in steel
Refined from cast iron
An alloy of iron and carbon with varying quantities of phosphorus and sulphur
Extensively used for making cutting tools