Amount of carbon it contains
The shape and distribution of the carbides in iron
Method of fabrication
Contents of alloying elements
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 0.4 to 0.7% magnesium, 0.4 to 0.7% manganese and rest aluminium
3.5 to 4.5% copper, 1.2 to 1.7% manganese, 1.8 to 2.3% nickel, 0.6% each of silicon, magnesium and iron, and rest aluminium
4 to 4.5% magnesium, 3 to 4% copper and rest aluminium
5 to 6% tin, 2 to 3% copper and rest aluminium
White cast iron
Nodular cast iron
Malleable cast iron
Alloy cast iron
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
Duralumin
Brass
Copper
Silver
Cast iron
Pig iron
Wrought iron
Malleable iron
Low carbon steel
High carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High speed steel
Brass
Bronze
Gun metal
Muntz metal
Air is burning out silicon and manganese
Silicon and manganese has burnt and carbon has started oxidising
The converter must be titled to remove the contents of the converter
The brown smoke does not occur during the operation of a Bessemer converter
35
57
710
1015
Mica
Silver
Lead
Glass
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Mild steel
Alloy steel
High carbon
Tungsten steel
Brass
Cast iron
Aluminium
Steel
Calcined ore (8 parts), coke (4 parts) and limestone (1 part)
Calcined ore (4 parts), coke (1 part) and limestone (8 parts)
Calcined ore (1 part), coke (8 parts) and limestone (4 parts)
Calcined ore, coke and limestone all in equal parts
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
It is prone to age hardening
It can be forged
It has good machining properties
It is lighter than pure aluminium
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
Current
Voltage
Frequency
Temperature
Tensile strength
Hardness
Ductility
Fluidity
65% nickel, 15% chromium and 20% iron
68% nickel, 29% copper and 3% other constituents
80% nickel and 20% chromium
80% nickel, 14% chromium and 6% iron
Makes the iron soft and easily machinable
Increases hardness and brittleness
Make the iron white and hard
Aids fusibility and fluidity
Mild steel
Cast iron
HSS
High carbon
50 : 50
40 : 60
60 : 40
10 : 90
3 m
6 m
9 m
12 m
Stainless steel
High speed steel
Heat resisting steel
Nickel steel
Yield point increases
Ductility decreases
Ultimate tensile strength increases
All of these
Malleability
Ductility
Surface finish
Damping characteristics
Stainless steel
High speed steel
Invar
Heat resisting steel