0.05 %
0.15 %
0.3 %
0.5 %
B. 0.15 %
Steel
Al2O3
SiO2
MgO
Remain same
Decreases
Increases
None of these
Is a ductile material
Can be easily forged or welded
Cannot stand sudden and excessive shocks
All of these
Ferrite
Pearlite
Austenite
Ferrite and cementite
Austenite
Martensite
Pearlite
Cementite
Silver and some impurities
Refined silver
Nickel, Copper and zinc
Nickel and copper
94% aluminium, 4% copper and 0.5% Mn, Mg, Si and Fe
92.5% aluminium and, 4% copper, 2% nickel and 1.5% Mg
90% aluminium and 90% copper
90% magnesium and 9% aluminium with some copper
400°C to 600°C
600°C to 900°C
900°C to 1400°C
1400°C to 1530°C
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in compression
Ability to recover its original form
Ability to undergo large permanent deformations in tension
All of the above
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Grey cast iron, low carbon steel, wrought iron
Low carbon steel, grey cast iron, wrought iron
Wrought iron, low carbon steel, grey cast iron
Wrought iron, grey cast iron, low carbon steel
Aluminium
Tin
Zinc
Silver
Substitutional solution
Interstitial solid solution
Intermetallic compounds
All of the above
Aluminium
Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Nickel, chromium and manganese
Tungsten, molybdenum and phosphorous
Lead, tin, aluminium
Zinc, sulphur, and chromium
In which parts are not loaded
In which stress remains constant on increasing load
In which deformation tends to loosen the joint and produces a stress reduced
Stress reduces on increasing load
Steels are heated to 500 to 700°C
Cooling is done slowly and steadily
Internal stresses are relieved
All of these
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Relieve the stresses set up in the material after hot or cold working
Modify the structure of the material
Change grain size
Any one of these
It contains carbon of the order of 0 to 0.25%
It melts at 1535°C
It is very soft and ductile
It is made by adding suitable percentage of carbon to molten iron and subjecting the product to repeated hammering and rolling.
Grain growth, recrystallisation, stress relief
Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallisation
Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallisation
Cold rolled steel
Hot rolled steel
Forged steel
Cast steel
Nichrome
Invar
Magnin
Elinvar
Acts as deoxidiser
Reduces the grain size
Decreases tensile strength and hardness
Lowers the toughness and transverse ductility
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
Naked eye
Optical microscope
Metallurgical microscope
X-ray techniques
Weldability
Formability
Machinability
Hardenability
White cast iron
Nodular cast iron
Malleable cast iron
Alloy cast iron
Improve machinability
Improve ductility
Improve toughness
Release stresses
Greater than 7
Equal to 7
Less than 7
pH value has nothing to do with basic solution