Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
C. Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. I is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions o magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
600 VPN
1500 VPN
1000 to 1100 VPN
250 VPN
Carbon
Sulphur
Silicon
Manganese
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Core defects
Surface defects
Superficial defects
Temporary defects
0.5 to 1 %
1.2 %
2.5 to 4.5 %
5 to 7 %
Fixed structure at all temperatures
Atoms distributed in random pattern
Different crystal structures at different temperatures
Any one of the above
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
770°C
910°C
1440°C
1539°C
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Iron
0.2 %
0.5 %
0.8 %
1.0 %
Tin, lead and small percentage of antimony
Tin and lead
Tin, lead and silver
Tin and copper
Molecular change
Physical change
Allotropic change
Solidus change
Nickel and copper
Nickel and chromium
Nickel, Chromium and iron
Copper and chromium
Copper and tin
Copper and zinc
Copper and iron
Copper and nickel
Deformation under stress
Fracture due to high impact loads
Externally applied forces with breakdown or yielding
None of the above
Which are destroyed by burning
Which after their destruction are recycled to produce fresh steel
Which are deoxidised in the ladle with silicon and aluminium
In which carbon is completely burnt
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Copper, zinc and iron
Iron, nickel and copper
Iron, lead and tin
Iron, aluminium and magnesium
Stainless steel
High speed steel
Invar
Heat resisting steel
Has a fixed structure under all conditions
Exists in several crystal forms at different temperatures
Responds to heat treatment
Has its atoms distributed in a random pattern
Ductile
Malleable
Homogeneous
Anisotropic
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% tin
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 78% copper and rest tin
Decrease
Increase
Remain constant
First increase and then decrease
White metal
Solder admiralty
Fusible metal
Phosphor bronze
F.C.C.
B.C.C.
H.C.P.
Orthorhombic crystalline structure
0.1 to 0.5
0.5 to 1
1 to 1.7
1.7 to 4.5
Cast iron
High speed steel
All nonferrous materials
All of the above
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper and 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Silver and chromium