Grain growth, recrystallisation, stress relief
Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallisation
Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallisation
C. Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Relieve stresses
Harden steel slightly
Improve machining characteristic
Soften material
Blast furnace
Cupola
Open hearth furnace
Bessemer converter
Zinc, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, antimony and bismuth
Gamma-iron, aluminium, copper, lead, silver and nickel
Alpha-iron, tungsten, chromium and molybdenum
None of the above
Shot peening
Nitriding of surface
Cold working
Surface decarburisation
Providing corrosion resistance
Improving machining properties
Providing high strength at elevated temperatures
Raising the elastic limit
Stages at which allotropic forms change
Stages at which further heating does not increase temperature for some time
Stages at which properties do not change with increase in temperature
There is nothing like points of arrest
Nickel steel
Chrome steel
Nickel-chrome steel
Silicon steel
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Are formed into shape under heat and pressure and results in a permanently hard product
Do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs
Are flexible and can withstand considerable wear under suitable conditions
Are used as a friction lining for clutches and brakes
Alpha iron, beta iron and gamma iron
Alpha iron and beta iron
Body centred cubic iron and face centred cubic iron
Alpha iron, gamma from and delta iron
Grey cast iron, low carbon steel, wrought iron
Low carbon steel, grey cast iron, wrought iron
Wrought iron, low carbon steel, grey cast iron
Wrought iron, grey cast iron, low carbon steel
Carbon in the form of carbide
Low tensile strength
High compressive strength
All of these
3 m
6 m
9 m
12 m
0.05 %
0.15 %
0.3 %
0.5 %
Silicon bronze
Aluminium bronze
Gun metal
Babbitt metal
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper and 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Malleable iron and zinc
Stainless steel
Gun metal
German silver
Duralumin
0.2 %
0.5 %
0.8 %
1.0 %
Yield point
Critical temperature
Melting point
Hardness
Silver, copper, zinc
Silver, tin, nickel
Silver, lead, zinc
Silver, copper, aluminium
Creep
Hot tempering
Hot hardness
Fatigue
Increase
Decrease
Remain same
First increase and then decrease
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
By forming a bulge
By shearing along oblique plane
In direction perpendicular to application of load
By crushing into thousands of pieces
It contains carbon of the order of 0 to 0.25%
It melts at 1535°C
It is very soft and ductile
It is made by adding suitable percentage of carbon to molten iron and subjecting the product to repeated hammering and rolling.
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Iron
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Pearlite
Ferrite
Cementite
Martensite
Stainless steel
High speed steel
Heat resisting steel
Nickel steel