poor tissue perfusion manifests as hyperlactemia and decreased capillary refill
acute oliguria indicates an organ dysfunction and circulatory collapse
septic shock is an extreme form of sepsis when hypotension persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation
hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
D. hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
adherence of bacteria to vaginal cells
vaginal dryness
O serogroup
vaginal pH
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
elevated body temperature
dropped blood pressure
elevated heart rate
reduced urine output
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
improperly drained hair follicle scrotal abscess
syphilitic orchitis
tuberculous epididymitis
all of the above
inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
type I
type II
type III
type IV
dirty - infected
contaminated
clean - contaminated
clean
2
6
7
8
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
giant staghorn stone
perivesical abscess with fistula to the bladder
bacterial resistance
self-inflicted infection
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
rifampicin
doxycycline
azithromycin
none of the above
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
seniors house residents
ICU patients with indwelling urinary catheters
pregnant women
neurogenic bladder patients on CIC
is a premalignant condition
it can be locally aggressive and invades surrounding structures causing bone erosions
kidneys are the most commonly affected organs
characterized by rounded intracellular inclusions (owls-eyes) in large esinophilic histocytes
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
might rupture into the collecting system causing (hydatiduria)and renal colic
are formed by the eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus
most cysts are asymptomatic but might manifest as flank mass, dull pain, or hematuria
the most reliable diagnostic test uses partially purified hydatid arc 5 antigens in a double-diffusion test
AIDS patients in active infection show low CD4 + T-cell count
the diagnosis is confirmed by positive anti-HIV-1, anti-HIV-2 antibodies
patients receiving antiviral therapy could still be infectious
herpes simplex virus increases HIV replication in infected persons
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
a cause of obstruction should be sought
PCN is placed to decompress the kidney and preserve renal function
blood-born staphylococci are commoner than ascending E.coli infections
blood and urine cultures must dictate the antibiotic choice from day 1
characterized by neurovirulence
the incubation period of primary genital herpes is 2 3 weeks
HSV can be isolated in the urine
HSV-1 infection causes urethritis more often than HSV-2 does
fever, chills, abdominal pain
costovertibral angle tenderness
hypogastric and loin pain
flank pain, dysuria