inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
A. inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
poor tissue perfusion manifests as hyperlactemia and decreased capillary refill
acute oliguria indicates an organ dysfunction and circulatory collapse
septic shock is an extreme form of sepsis when hypotension persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation
hypotension is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation at an early septic shock
pain is dull aching in the scrotum, perineum, inner thighs, and lower abdomen
dysuria, frequency, and/or urgency
long-standing (> 6 weeks) history of scrotal pain, and tenderness
low grade fever, malaise, and urethral discharge
rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
manifested as a sudden onset of hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema, hypertension, and RBC casts in the urine
post-streptococcus GN has an incubation period of 1-3 weeks with specific strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
the triad of sinusitis, pulmonary infiltrates, and nephritis, suggests Wegener granulomatosis
C3, C4, ESR and antistreptolysin O titer are increased
discomfort on placing urethral catheter and pain on bladder filling
difficulty in zeroing the pressure and diminished response to first cough
low filling pressure but high voiding pressure
uninhibited bladder contractions with a relative bladder hypotonia
CT shows the characteristic bear paw sign
it is an infected, obstructed, poorly functioning kidney containing stones
nephrectomy is the treatment
all of the above
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
produces yellow whitish, scanty, frothy urethral discharge
shows gram (+), extracellular diplococcic
infection could be contracted from the spouses eyes
responds fairly to azithromycin
any amount of uropathogen grown in culture indicates UTI
for cystitis, more than 1000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for pyelonephritis, more than 10,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for asymptomatic bacteriuria, more than 100,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
TUR ejaculatory duct
prolonged urethral catheterization
prostatic biopsy
vas ligation
substitution cystoplasty and continent diversion
fulguration of a Hunner`s ulcer or hydrodistention
intravesical installation of silver nitrate or dimethyl sulfoxide
low dose external beam irradiation
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
giggle incontinence
estrogen deficiency
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
It is an endophytic tumor of the transitional urothelium
harbors p53 gene mutations
presents with hematuria, dysuria, and irritative voiding
the lesion requires transurethral resection
no pathognomonic histology for interstitial cystitis
basically, biopsies are performed to exclude carcinomas and other varieties of cystitis
diagnostic biopsies include the presence of discrete micro-ulcers and increased numbers of mast cells in the detrusor muscle or submucosa
none of the above
aminopenicillins
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
neurogenic bladder
the use of spermicide
urinary catheterization
fecal incontinence
is a common cause of elevated PSA level
might follow BCG treatment
is sequelae of untreated type III-b prostatitis
shows homogenous enhancement following Gd-DTPA on prostate MRI
adherence of bacteria to vaginal cells
vaginal dryness
O serogroup
vaginal pH
urethral infection with trichomonas vaginalis
bladder infection with adenovirus
Kawasakis disease
all of the above
1.7%
7%
17%
71%
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
is an uncommon granulomatous disease that affect the skin and/or urinary bladder
it might be due to a disturbed function of B lymphocytes
characterized by the presence of basophilic inclusion structure (Michaelis-Gutmann body)
it might be due to a defective phagolysosomal activity of monocytes or macrophages
kidneys, prostate and epididymi
bladder, ureters and renal pelvis
vasa, scrotum and adrenals
testes, bladder neck and seminal vesicles
sulfonamide for several months
TUR of the bladder lesion followed by proper staging
radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
intravesical installation of mitomycin without irradiation
Hunner`s ulcers are multiple ulcerative patches surrounded by mucosal congestion on the dome or lateral walls
ulcers might get distorted after overdistention, because discrete areas of mucosal scarring rupture during the procedure
in non-ulcerative type, overdistention demonstrates glomerulations on the dome and lateral walls
overdistention results in mucosal tears and submucosal hemorrhage
most commonly due to indwelling catheters
the areas of inflammation are usually confined to the lateral walls or the dome of the bladder
radiographic changes are nonspecific or present as bullous edema
indwelling catheters are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
because standard laboratory culture specifications might not be favorable for growth of atypical organisms
because UTI could show fewer than 10 white cells/mm3 in urine
because laboratories may not report significant growth of a defined urinary pathogen
all of the above