commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
A. commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
uncontrollable bleeding
incomplete removal of stones
pneumothorax
colonic perforation
physiological saline 0.9%
glycine 1.5%
balanced salt solution
distilled water
limit beef, chicken, pork, eggs, fish, shellfish, and other animal proteins
limit beans, nuts, chocolate, coffee, dark green vegetables, and soda
limit canned, packaged, and fast foods
limit milk, cheese, and other dairy products
terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
Kock pouch
Neobladder-to-urethra diversion
Florida pouch
Indiana pouch
≥ 2 cm diameter
upper calyx location
Na.urate composition
600 - 800 HU density
is symptomless
should undergo a trial of milking out
diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
ESWL is the preferred treatment option
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate
by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate
by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate
by all of the above
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, Na.urate, cystine
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, Na.urate, cystine
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance