never
unlikely
likely
always
C. likely
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
¼
½
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
intensely expressed in benign prostatic epithelium
increased in poorly differentiated prostate cancer tissue
helps differentiate benign from malignant causes of high t-PSA
is an organ but not pathology specific marker
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
never
unlikely
likely
always
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
pathological bone fractures
biochemical failure following radiation therapy
hepato-renal disease following chemotherapy
upgrading the pre-treatment risk stratification
ranges from 0 -10 based on a histologic evaluation of tumor specimens
based on the 2 most common histologic patterns
greatly relies on the skills and experience of the pathologist
a score of 7 indicates a moderate-grade or moderately differentiated tumor
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
the most common cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer is cardiac disease
is the second most common cause of cancer death in males
androgens have a pivotal role in prostate cancer development
low protein and high carbohydrate diet play a role in the development of prostate cancer
commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas