Low wear resistance
Low hardness
Low tensile strength
Toughness
D. Toughness
Makes the iron soft and easily machinable
Increases hardness and brittleness
Make the iron white and hard
Aids fusibility and fluidity
Acts as deoxidiser
Reduces the grain size
Decreases tensile strength and hardness
Lowers the toughness and transverse ductility
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
Aluminium in steel results in excessive grain growth
Manganese in steel induces hardness
Nickel and chromium in steel helps in raising the elastic limit and improve the resilience and ductility
Tungsten in steels improves magnetic properties and hardenability
Nickel
Chromium
Nickel and chromium
Sulphur, lead and phosphorus
Decrease
Increase
Remain constant
First increase and then decrease
0.025 %
0.06 %
0.1 %
0.25 %
Large surface wear
Elevated temperatures
Light load and pressure
High pressure and load
Bessemer process
Open hearth process
Electric process
LD process
Face centred cubic space lattice
Body centred cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
Hardness
Brittleness
Plasticity
Ductility
Flywheel of steam engine
Cast iron pipes
Cycle chains
Gas turbine blades
Silver, copper, zinc
Silver, tin, nickel
Silver, lead, zinc
Silver, copper, aluminium
Relieve stresses
Harden steel slightly
Improve machining characteristic
Soften material
Aluminium
Tin
Zinc
Silver
Can be drawn into wires
Breaks with little permanent distortion
Can cut another metal
Can be rolled or hammered into thin sheets
Hardening and cold working
Normalising
Martempering
Full annealing
Dipping steel in cyanide bath
Reacting steel surface with cyanide salts
Adding carbon and nitrogen by heat treatment of steel to increase its surface hardness
Obtaining cyanide salts
Vanadium, chromium, tungsten
Tungsten, titanium, vanadium
Chromium, titanium, vanadium
Tungsten, chromium, titanium
Brittleness
Ductility
Malleability
Plasticity
Zinc
Lead
Silver
Glass
Silicon
Sulphur
Manganese
Phosphorus
RC 65
RC 48
RC 57
RC 80
Amount of cementite it contains
Amount of carbon it contains
Contents of alloying elements
Method of manufacture of steel
Stiffness
Ductility
Resilience
Plasticity
Ferritic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel
Martenistic stainless steel
Nickel steel
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
0.1 to 0.2 %
0.25 to 0.5 %
0.6 to 0.7 %
0.7 to 0.9 %
Gun metal
Bronze
Bell metal
Babbitt metal
0.02
0.1
02
0.4