Stiffness
Ductility
Resilience
Plasticity
C. Resilience
65% nickel, 15% chromium and 20% iron
68% nickel, 29% copper and 3% other constituents
80% nickel and 20% chromium
80% nickel, 14% chromium and 6% iron
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
In a random manner
In a haphazard way
In circular motion
Back and forth like tiny pendulums
Silver
Gold
Copper
Germanium
Cold rolled into sheets
Drawn into wires
Formed into tube
Any one of these
Percentage of carbon
Percentage of alloying elements
Heat treatment employed
Shape of carbides and their distribution in iron
600°C
723°C
1147°C
1493°C
Hardening and cold working
Normalising
Martempering
Full annealing
400° to 700°C
800°C to 1000°C
1200°C to 1300°C
1500°C to 1700°C
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% tin
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 75% copper and rest tin
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Increase hardenability
Reduce machinability
Increase wear resistance
Increase endurance strength
Ductile material
Malleable material
Brittle material
Tough material
Increase
Decrease
Remain same
First increase and then decrease
Case hardening
Flame hardening
Nitriding
Any one of these
Body centered cubic
Face centered cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
Face centred cubic space lattice
Body centred cubic space lattice
Close packed hexagonal space lattice
None of these
Refine the grain structure
Remove strains caused by cold working
Remove dislocations caused in the internal structure due to hot working
All of the above
Silicon
Sulphur
Manganese
Phosphorus
Cast iron
Mild steel
Nonferrous materials
Stainless steel
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Duralumin
Y-alloy
Magnalium
Hindalium
Boron steel
High speed steel
Stainless steel
Malleable cast iron
Point defect
Line defect
Plane defect
Volumetric defect
400°C to 600°C
600°C to 900°C
900°C to 1400°C
1400°C to 1530°C
RC 65
RC 48
RC 57
RC 80
Iron
Copper
Aluminium
Nickel
Magnesium alloys
Titanium alloys
Chromium alloys
Magnetic steel alloys