Manganese
Magnesium
Nickel
Silicon
B. Magnesium
Molecular change
Physical change
Allotropic change
Solidus change
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly
Face centred cubic lattice
Body centred cubic lattice
Hexagonal close packed lattice
All of the above
Is less tough and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is less tough and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Amount of cementite it contains
Amount of carbon it contains
Contents of alloying elements
Method of manufacture of steel
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Machinability
Hardness
Hardness and strength
Strength and ductility
Aluminium, copper etc.
Nickel, molybdenum etc.
Nickel, Copper, etc.
All of the above
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Zinc
Lead
Silver
Glass
0.02 %
0.3 %
0.63 %
0.8 %
0.8 %
Below 0.8 %
Above 0.8 %
None of these
Stiffness
Ductility
Resilience
Plasticity
Six
Twelve
Eighteen
Twenty
1% silver
2.5% silver
5% silver
10% silver
Cast iron
Cast steel
Brass
Admiralty metal
0.025 %
0.26 %
0.8 %
1.7 %
Stack
Throat
Bosh
Tyres
Chromium
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Hard
Soft
Tough
Hard and tough
Mica
Silver
Lead
Glass
Nickel, copper
Nickel, molybdenum
Zinc, tin, lead
Nickel, lead and tin
Free form
Combined form
Nodular form
Partly in free and partly in combined state
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Hearth
Stack
Bosh
Throat
Has a fixed structure under all conditions
Exists in several crystal forms at different temperatures
Responds to heat treatment
Has its atoms distributed in a random pattern
Tin, antimony, copper
Tin and copper
Tin and lead
Lead and zinc