Body centered cubic
Face centered cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
A. Body centered cubic
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough, and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle. Graphite is in the nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Grain growth, recrystallisation, stress relief
Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallisation
Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallisation
Promotes decarburisation
Provides high hot hardness
Forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
Promotes retention of austenite
Spheroidal graphite cast iron with B.H.N. 400 and minimum tensile strength 15 MPa
Spheroidal graphite cast iron with minimum tensile strength 400 MPa and 15 percent elongation
Spheroidal graphite cast iron with minimum compressive strength 400 MPa and 15 percent reduction in area
None of the above
F.C.C.
B.C.C.
H.C.P.
Orthorhombic crystalline structure
Resilience
Creep
Fatigue strength
Toughness
Free carbon
Graphite
Cementite
White carbon
Cast iron
Vitrified clay
Asbestos cement
Concrete
Manganese
Magnesium
Nickel
Silicon
Naked eye
Optical microscope
Metallurgical microscope
X-ray techniques
Magnesium alloys
Titanium alloys
Chromium alloys
Magnetic steel alloys
0.02 %
0.3 %
0.63 %
0.8 %
Molecular change
Physical change
Allotropic change
Solidus change
Are formed into shape under heat and pressure and results in a permanently hard product
Do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs
Are flexible and can withstand considerable wear under suitable conditions
Are used as a friction lining for clutches and brakes
0.05 to 0.20 %
0.20 to 0.45 %
0.45 to 0.55 %
0.55 to 1.0 %
Dipping steel in cyanide bath
Reacting steel surface with cyanide salts
Adding carbon and nitrogen by heat treatment of steel to increase its surface hardness
Obtaining cyanide salts
Below 10°K
Above 100°K
Around 0°C
Around 100°C
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% tin
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 78% copper and rest tin
35
57
710
1015
80% or more iron
50% or more iron
Alloying elements like chromium, tungsten nickel and copper
Elements like phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in varying quantities
Shot peening
Nitriding of surface
Cold working
Surface decarburisation
Stack
Throat
Bosh
Tyres
Is less tough and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is less tough and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Silicon and sulphur
Phosphorous, lead and sulphur
Sulphur, graphite and aluminium
Phosphorous and aluminium
Hard
High in strength
Highly resistant to corrosion
Heat treated to change its properties
Remain same
Decreases
Increases
None of these
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
Face centred cubic lattice
Body centred cubic lattice
Hexagonal close packed lattice
All of the above
Nickel, copper and iron
Nickel, copper and zinc
Copper, nickel and antimony
Iron, zinc and bismuth
Zinc
Lead
Silver
Glass