Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Aluminium
Low carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferroelectric
Dielectric
0.05 %
0.15 %
0.3 %
0.5 %
Nickel
Chromium
Nickel and chromium
Sulphur, lead and phosphorus
Cast iron
Forged steel
Mild steel
High carbon steel
Silicon bronze
White metal
Monel metal
Phosphor bronze
Makes the iron soft and easily machinable
Increases hardness and brittleness
Make the iron white and hard
Aids fusibility and fluidity
Silicon and sulphur
Phosphorous, lead and sulphur
Sulphur, graphite and aluminium
Phosphorous and aluminium
Copper and tin
Copper and zinc
Copper and iron
Copper and nickel
Cold rolled steel
Hot rolled steel
Forged steel
Cast steel
Are used where ease in machining is the criterion
Contain carbon in free form
Require least cutting force
Do not exist
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
600 VPN
1500 VPN
1000 to 1100 VPN
250 VPN
The points where no further change occurs
Constant for all metals
The points where there is no further flow of metal
The points of discontinuity
Mild steel
Copper
Nickel
Aluminium
0.04 %
0.35 to 0.45 %
0.4 to 0.6 %
0.6 to 0.8 %
Cobalt
Nickel
Vanadium
Iron
Blackheart cast iron
White-heart cast iron
Both (A) and (B)
None of these
Increase hardenability
Reduce machinability
Increase wear resistance
Increase endurance strength
60% copper and 40% beryllium
80% copper and 20% beryllium
97.75% copper and 2.25% beryllium
99% copper and 1% beryllium
0.1 to 0.2 %
0.25 to 0.5 %
0.6 to 0.7 %
0.7 to 0.9 %
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids
Creep
Hot tempering
Hot hardness
Fatigue
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled in still air
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled suddenly in a suitable cooling medium
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled slowly in the furnace
Heated below or closes to the lower critical temperature and then cooled slowly
Chromium and nickel
Sulphur, phosphorus, lead
Vanadium, aluminium
Tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium
Bessemer process
Open hearth process
Electric process
LD process
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
Yield point increases
Ductility decreases
Ultimate tensile strength increases
All of these