Ductile material
Malleable material
Brittle material
Tough material
C. Brittle material
Are formed into shape under heat and pressure and results in a permanently hard product
Do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical change occurs
Are flexible and can withstand considerable wear under suitable conditions
Are used as a friction lining for clutches and brakes
High resistance to rusting and corrosion
High ductility
Ability of hold protective coating
Uniform strength in all directions
Make the steel tougher and harder
Raise the yield point
Make the steel ductile and of good bending qualities
All of the above
Nickel steel
Chrome steel
Nickel-chrome steel
Silicon steel
Mainly ferrite
Mainly pearlite
Ferrite and pearlite
Pearlite and cementite
Hardening surface of work-piece to obtain hard and wear resistant surface
Heating and cooling rapidly
Increasing hardness throughout
Inducing hardness by continuous process
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Nickel
Chromium
Nickel and chromium
Sulphur, lead and phosphorus
Linear
Nonlinear
Plastic
No fixed relationship
Improve machinability
Improve ductility
Improve toughness
Release stresses
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Allotropic change
Recrystallisation
Heat treatment
Precipitation
0.1 %
0.2 %
0.4 %
0.6 %
0.02
0.1
02
0.4
Hot working
Tempering
Normalising
Annealing
Cast iron
Pig iron
Wrought iron
Malleable iron
Mild steel
Alloy steel
High carbon
Tungsten steel
Relieve stresses
Harden steel slightly
Improve machining characteristic
Soften material
Cementite
Free carbon
Flakes
Spheroids
Nickel, copper
Nickel, molybdenum
Zinc, tin, lead
Nickel, lead and tin
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper and 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Malleable iron and zinc
By forming a bulge
By shearing along oblique plane
In direction perpendicular to application of load
By crushing into thousands of pieces
RC 65
RC 48
RC 57
RC 80
Vanadium 4%, chromium 18% and tungsten 1%
Vanadium 1%, chromium 4% and tungsten 18%
Vanadium 18%, chromium 1% and tungsten 4%
None of the above
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Manganese
Silicon
65% nickel, 15% chromium and 20% iron
68% nickel, 29% copper and 3% other constituents
80% nickel and 20% chromium
80% nickel, 14% chromium and 6% iron
Has a fixed structure under all conditions
Exists in several crystal forms at different temperatures
Responds to heat treatment
Has its atoms distributed in a random pattern
50 : 50
40 : 60
60 : 40
20 : 80
Carbon in the form of carbide
Low tensile strength
High compressive strength
All of these
There is no change in grain size
The average grain size is a minimum
The grain size increases very rapidly
The grain size first increases and then decreases very rapidly