Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypocitraturia?
high protein diet
hypokalaemia
proximal renal tubular acidosis
idiopathic
Correct Answer :
C. proximal renal tubular acidosis
distal RTA along with all listed causes can lead to hypocitraturia.
Related Questions
What do urine tests examine to detect hematuria?
catalase activity of erythrocytes
peroxidase activity of erythrocytes
lyase activity of erythrocytes
none of the above
Which of the following mediates calcium reabsorption in the distal renal tubules?
aldosterone
hypocalcemia
parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
Which of the following is NOT a component of the normal semen?
zinc
fructose
prostate-specific antigen
alkaline phosphatase
What type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) does demonstrate aldosterone resistance?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
What is the approximated bladder capacity of an 8 yrs. girl?
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
In utero, which hormone stimulates the development of Wolffian ducts?
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
What fascial layer(s) cover(s) the prostate?
Denonvilliers fascia
prostatic fascia
levator fascia
all of the above
Hematuria of glomerular origin is associated with:
significant proteinuria, dysmorphic RBCs, RBC casts
glycosuria, eumorphic RBCs, WBC casts
hypercalciuria, eumorphic RBCs, granular casts
proteinuria, dysmorphic RBCs, hyaline casts
Regarding renal ectopia, usually, the adrenals:
are cross ectopic
are at their normal position
travel with the kidneys
undergo ischemic atrophy
Beside renal excretion of sodium, what does atrial natriuretic hormone cause?
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
What is the nerve supply of the adrenal gland?
sympathetic to the medulla
parasympathetic to the medulla
sympathetic to the cortex
parasympathetic to the cortex
Which area in the nervous system is tested by bulbocavernosus reflex?
brain stem
C2 C4
S2 - S4
L2 - L4
What are the abnormalities that might accompany complete ureteral duplications?
reflux to the upper pole ureter, obstruction to the lower pole ureter
reflux to the lower pole ureter, obstruction to the upper pole ureter
left ureteropelvic junction obstruction, right ureterocele
right ureteropelvic junction obstruction, left ureterocele
When should a 70 yrs. man with 40 ml prostate volume, and total PSA of 2.0 ng/ml, go for a prostate biopsy?
if PSA reading had exceeded 2.7 ng/ml over 12 months
if free PSA reading was less than 0.4 ng/ml
if total PSA reading was greater than 8 ng/ml
any of the above
What is the best initial therapy for hyponatremic dehydration?
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
What is the function of PSA in semen?
increases semen volume
has antimicrobial activity
liquefies the seminal coagulum
decreases semen pH
What does apoptosis mean?
programmed cell death
new vascular formation
uninhibited neural stimulation
premature muscular contraction
Which layer lies between the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes?
Scarpa`s fascia
fascia lata
Dartos fascia
Camper`s fascia
Which part of the male urethra is the narrowest?
the membranous
the bladder neck
the bulbous
the external urethral meatus
How many days does spermatogenesis take in the man?
16
32
64
90
Which statement is false concerning the gubernaculua?
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
Which statement is true about the female urethra?
harder to catheterize when compared to the male urethra
4 inch long
opens into the vestibule below the clitoris
gets wider at the post-menopausal age
What do the specialized cells, at the juxtaglomerular apparatus, produce?
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
Which statement regarding post-obstructive diuresis (POD) is false?
urine production exceeding 200 ml/hr for 2 consecutive hours or producing greater than 3 L of urine in 24 hours is diagnostic of POD
pathologic POD can be exacerbated by excessive fluid replacement
the replacement fluid choice is ringer lactate
fluid resuscitation depends on the degree of dehydration
Which of the following might cause sterile pyuria?
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
Which statement is false concerning microhematuria?
malignancy is identified in patients presenting with microhematuria more than in patients presenting with gross hematuria
microscopic hematuria is defined as > 3 red blood cells per high powered field (RBC/hpf) on a single specimen
warrants full hematuria workup
history of cigarette smoking is of significance
Renal blood flow is autoregulated by:
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
urinary output
afferent arteriolar resistance
How does estrogen prevent lower UTI in postmenopausal women?
increasing vaginal secretions
decreasing vaginal pH
increasing normal vaginal flora
decreasing bacterial adherence
In males, which of the following structure(s) can NOT be palpated during digital rectal examination?
pelvic floor muscles
seminal vesicles
anterior surface of the sacrum
median lobe of the prostate
On tracing the IVU dye down, in a dilated ureter, the dilation stops at a level then continues as a normal calibre ureter. What could the pathology be?
lower ureteral stricture
ureteral valve
modified Lich-Gregoire ureteral reimplantation
residual dilation of hydroureter