What could cause autonomic dysreflexia?
full bladder or rectum
tooth extraction
hypertension medications
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer :
A. full bladder or rectum
full bladder or rectum are the common reasons of autonomic dysreflexia.
Related Questions
Which disease is described best by the following manifestations: grand mal epilepsy, mental retardation, hypertension, angiomyolipoma, adenoma sebaceum, bilateral enlarged kidneys, and normal renal function?
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
Sturge-Webber syndrome
What is the best initial therapy for hyponatremic dehydration?
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
Which of the following does NOT increase in prostate cancer?
human kallikrein 2
pro-PSA
free PSA
complexed PSA
Beside renal excretion of sodium, what does atrial natriuretic hormone cause?
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
What is the narrowest part of the ureter?
uretero-pelvic junction
uretero-vesical junction
where ureters cross the pelvic brim
where ureters cross the common iliac bifurcation
What fascial layer(s) cover(s) the prostate?
Denonvilliers fascia
prostatic fascia
levator fascia
all of the above
Which part of the prostate is traversed by the ejaculatory duct:
central zone
peripheral zone
transitional zone
fibromuscular stroma
What is false concerning renal vasculature?
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
From where does the main parasympathetic efferent innervation to the pelvic plexus arise?
S1
S2-S4
T11-L2
L3-S1
Which of the following is false regarding Addison`s disease?
autoimmune disease in 70% of the cases
diagnosed by the rapid ACTH stimulation test
characterized by low serum sodium and high potassium
may coexist with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus
Which innervations mediate detumescence?
cavernous nerves
dorsal nerves of the penis
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
What is the most common cause of hematuria in men over 60 yrs.?
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
BPH
bladder cancer
What is false concerning the collecting system structures of a typical kidney?
the renal pelvis could be intra or extra renal
the renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces
major calyces divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces
unlike lateral calyces, polar calyces are often paired
To which group of lymph nodes do tumors at the anterior superior area of the bladder, first, drain?
hypogastric
internal iliac
external iliac
lateral sacral
What degrades semenogelin and determines the consistency of the seminal coagulum is:
spermine
acid phosphatase
PSA
semenoglobulin
What class of antibiotics might cause vestibular and/or auditory impairment?
aminoglycosides
αantipseudomonal penicillins
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
Which of the following is false regarding zona glomeruloza?
the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
All of the following conditions are related to obesity syndrome, EXCEPT:
super fertility
increase aromatization reaction
increase resistance to circulating insulin
sleep apnea
Which of the following contributes second to the seminal fluid by volume?
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
What is the best method to evaluate calcium levels in the urine?
from early morning urine sample
comparing urine and serum calcium at a given time
performing 24 urine collection
from a mid-stream urine sample
Which action of thigh muscles could be impaired if the obturator nerve was injured during endoscopic resection of bladder tumors?
adduction
abduction
flexion
extension
The mature genitourinary system develops from all of the following embryonic sources, EXCEPT:
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
What causes pure testicular feminization is:
over estrogen synthesis
defective end-organ androgen response
extra X chromosome (XXY)
failure of genital ridge regression
Which of the following does NOT affect serum creatinine?
gender
age
obstructing stone at left lower ureter
rhabdomyolysis
What does make UTI more common in mid-aged females than in males?
short female urethra
pregnancy
vaginal colonization with enterobacteria
all the above
Which α- adrenergic receptor subtype mediates smooth muscle contraction of the prostate?
α1-A
α2-A
α1-B
α2-B
What is false about purple urine bag syndrome?
occurs due to the interaction between the chemical components of the urine and polyvinyl chloride material in the urine bag
it is commonly symptomless
more common in female nursing home residents
commonly implicated bacteria are K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. coli
What vessels are located in the prostate neurovascular bundle?
Watson plexus
capsular arteries and veins
inferior vesical and midrectal vessels
Santorini plexus
Which medicine(s) might enhance hypoprothrombinemic effect on oral anticoagulants?
allopurinol
aminoglycosides
cimetidine
all of the above
Which of the following mediates calcium reabsorption in the distal renal tubules?
aldosterone
hypocalcemia
parathyroid hormone
vitamin D