Which of the following best describes the placebo effect?
A phenomenon where participants' expectations or beliefs about a treatment influence their behavior or perception of an outcome.
The tendency for experimenters to unintentionally influence the results of a study.
A research design that involves giving participants a fake treatment to test the effectiveness of a real treatment.
The tendency for participants to withhold information from researchers.
Correct Answer :
A. A phenomenon where participants' expectations or beliefs about a treatment influence their behavior or perception of an outcome.
Related Questions
According to the attachment theory, what term is used to describe the type of attachment where a child is distressed when a caregiver leaves but is easily comforted upon their return?
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Disorganized attachment
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what comes first in the sequence of experiencing an emotion?
Physiological arousal
Cognitive appraisal
Behavioral response
Emotional experience
Which type of conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli and their consequences, leading to voluntary behaviors?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational conditioning
Reflexive conditioning
Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the influence of societal and cultural factors on behavior and mental processes?
Sociocultural
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Which type of reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior after a varying number of responses?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
Which stage of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming?
Stage 1
Stage 2
REM sleep
Deep sleep
Who is known for the classical conditioning experiment with dogs?
B.F. Skinner
John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura
Which of the following best describes the placebo effect?
A phenomenon where participants' expectations or beliefs about a treatment influence their behavior or perception of an outcome.
The tendency for experimenters to unintentionally influence the results of a study.
A research design that involves giving participants a fake treatment to test the effectiveness of a real treatment.
The tendency for participants to withhold information from researchers.
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to another person?
Displacement
Rationalization
Projection
Regression
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
To transmit electrical signals
To receive signals from other neurons
To produce neurotransmitters
To cover and protect the axon
What is the term for the process of encoding information based on its meaning and relationship to existing knowledge?
Semantic encoding
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Elaborative encoding
Who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment on classical conditioning?
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
What is the term for the tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or values?
Confirmation bias
Availability heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment
Hindsight bias
According to Erikson, what is the primary task of infancy (0-1 year)?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the term for the phenomenon where people's behavior changes in response to the presence of others?
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Groupthink
Which type of conditioning involves learning associations between behaviors and their consequences?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational conditioning
Reflexive conditioning
What term is used to describe the process of encoding information by forming associations or links between new information and existing knowledge?
Chunking
Elaborative rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
Priming
What is the term for the phenomenon where a previously extinguished conditioned response reappears in the presence of a similar stimulus?
Generalization
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences in shaping personality?
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Behavioral
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the process of gradually reducing the intensity of a conditioned stimulus while still obtaining the conditioned response?
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
Habituation
Who is known for the stages of moral development, which include pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels?
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
Sigmund Freud
Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscle control, arousal, and attention?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Who is known for the theory of cognitive development in which children actively construct their understanding of the world through their experiences?
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
Erik Erikson
Abraham Maslow
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external, situational factors while underestimating the influence of internal, dispositional factors?
Confirmation bias
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias
Availability heuristic
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest or time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and promoting relaxation?
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Who is known for the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy, which suggests that people's expectations can influence their behavior in such a way that it causes those expectations to come true?
Robert Merton
Philip Zimbardo
Solomon Asch
Stanley Milgram
Who is known for the concept of the self-concept and the distinction between the real self and the ideal self?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Erik Erikson
Albert Bandura
Who is known for the social cognitive theory and the concept of reciprocal determinism?
Abraham Maslow
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers