testes
prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands
C. seminal vesicles
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
the renal pelvis could be intra or extra renal
the renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces
major calyces divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces
unlike lateral calyces, polar calyces are often paired
lower ureteral stricture
ureteral valve
modified Lich-Gregoire ureteral reimplantation
residual dilation of hydroureter
breasts
thyroids
lungs
liver
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
depends on the ability of hemoglobin to oxidize a chromogen indicator
negative results need to be confirmed by microscopic examination
has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 75%
the presence of many epithelial cells suggests skin or vaginal contamination
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
terazosin, antihypertensive
benzodiazepines, psychotropic medicine
levodopa, anti-Parkinsonism medicine
brimonidine, glaucoma eye drops
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
hoarseness of voice
enlargement of testes
appearance of axillary hair
change in body odor
pelvic floor muscles
seminal vesicles
anterior surface of the sacrum
median lobe of the prostate
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
by increasing oxalate absorption
by heterogeneous nucleation
by inducing hyperoxaluria
by reducing urate crystals saturation
median sacral artery
inferior phrenic arteries
gonadal arteries
all of the above
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
100
50
10
5
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
finasteride
prazosin
silodosin
vardenafil
vancomycin
clindamycin
streptomycin
tobramycin
vancomycin
cefotaxime
penicillin G
tobramycin
brain stem
C2 C4
S2 - S4
L2 - L4
bone marrow
skeletal muscles
brown fat
liver
ice slush
heparin
norepinephrine
methylene blue
sympathetic to the medulla
parasympathetic to the medulla
sympathetic to the cortex
parasympathetic to the cortex
over estrogen synthesis
defective end-organ androgen response
extra X chromosome (XXY)
failure of genital ridge regression
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype