each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
C. new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
proximal convoluted tubules
distal convoluted tubules
collecting duct
loop of Henle
brain stem
C2 C4
S2 - S4
L2 - L4
breasts
thyroids
lungs
liver
significant proteinuria, dysmorphic RBCs, RBC casts
glycosuria, eumorphic RBCs, WBC casts
hypercalciuria, eumorphic RBCs, granular casts
proteinuria, dysmorphic RBCs, hyaline casts
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
none of the above
azoospermia; normal FSH; increase LH
azoospermia; decrease FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; increase FSH; normal LH
oligospermia; normal FSH; decrease LH
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
the brain cortex
the sacral cord
the lumbar cord
the hypothalamus
hypotension and tachycardia
hypotension and bradycardia
hypertension and tachycardia
hypertension and bradycardia
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
testes
prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
intimal fibroplasia
medial fibroplasia
medial hyperplasia
serosal hyperplasia
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Chlamydia trachomatis
E. coli
Neisseria gonorrhea
bone marrow
skeletal muscles
brown fat
liver
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
full bladder or rectum
tooth extraction
hypertension medications
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
serum BUN : creatinine > 20
urine [Na] < 30 mEq/L
Na excretion fraction < 1
all of the above
100
50
10
5
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
are cross ectopic
are at their normal position
travel with the kidneys
undergo ischemic atrophy
α1-A
α2-A
α1-B
α2-B
chyluria
bacteriuria
phosphaturia
all of the above