What is the best initial therapy for hyponatremic dehydration?
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
Correct Answer :
C. administration of normal saline
the best of the listed choices that provides sodium and fluids is NS.
Related Questions
When should a 70 yrs. man with 40 ml prostate volume, and total PSA of 2.0 ng/ml, go for a prostate biopsy?
if PSA reading had exceeded 2.7 ng/ml over 12 months
if free PSA reading was less than 0.4 ng/ml
if total PSA reading was greater than 8 ng/ml
any of the above
By which of the following structures, do the fused lower poles of hoarseshoe kidneys get trapped during embryologic ascent?
inferior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
celiac artery
common iliac artery
What is false concerning the collecting system structures of a typical kidney?
the renal pelvis could be intra or extra renal
the renal pelvis divides into 2 or 3 major calyces
major calyces divide into 2 or 3 minor calyces
unlike lateral calyces, polar calyces are often paired
Which of the prostate medications could result in retrograde ejaculation?
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
During fluoroscopy, what is the main source of radiation hazards that urologists could be exposed to?
scattered radiation from the unleaded wall
scattered radiation from the patient
scattered radiation from the floor and ceiling
radiation from the primary beam
What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?
quadratus lumborum and diaphragm
psoas and diaphragm
psoas and latissimus dorsi
transversus abdominus and paraspinous
Which structure is a part of the renal hilum?
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
Which of the following hormones, primarily, controls spermatogenesis?
GnRH
testosterone
LH
FSH
Which of the following contributes second to the seminal fluid by volume?
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands
Which action of thigh muscles could be impaired if the obturator nerve was injured during endoscopic resection of bladder tumors?
adduction
abduction
flexion
extension
What are the abnormalities that might accompany complete ureteral duplications?
reflux to the upper pole ureter, obstruction to the lower pole ureter
reflux to the lower pole ureter, obstruction to the upper pole ureter
left ureteropelvic junction obstruction, right ureterocele
right ureteropelvic junction obstruction, left ureterocele
What is the half-life of β-HCG?
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
Which statement concerning urine pH is false?
influenced by food and medications
renal stones form at the extremes of pH range
reliable only when measured by 24 hr. urine collection
ranges from 4 7
Which of the following is false regarding Addison`s disease?
autoimmune disease in 70% of the cases
diagnosed by the rapid ACTH stimulation test
characterized by low serum sodium and high potassium
may coexist with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus
Which of the following is false regarding zona glomeruloza?
the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
Which layer lies between the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes?
Scarpa`s fascia
fascia lata
Dartos fascia
Camper`s fascia
What nerve provides the major neural supply to the striated urinary sphincter and levator ani muscle?
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
At which type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA), typically, potassium levels increase?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
What causes Cushing`s disease is:
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
pituitary over secretion of ACTH
exogenous administration of glucocorticoids
immune-mediated disease
Which part of the male urethra is the narrowest?
the membranous
the bladder neck
the bulbous
the external urethral meatus
What do urine tests examine to detect hematuria?
catalase activity of erythrocytes
peroxidase activity of erythrocytes
lyase activity of erythrocytes
none of the above
Which artery is NOT a branch of the anterior division of internal iliac artery?
superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery
superior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
Which α- adrenergic receptor subtype mediates smooth muscle contraction of the prostate?
α1-A
α2-A
α1-B
α2-B
Which period of intrauterine life does the process of organ formation (organogenesis) take place?
9 12 weeks
12 15 weeks
15 18 weeks
18 21 weeks
Which anomaly might accompany horseshoe kidneys?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
Which of the following is NOT related to von Hippel-Lindau disease?
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys
Which of the following process(es) is (are) reversible?
5α-reductase enzyme reduces testosterone to DHT
aromatase enzyme reduces testosterone to estrogen
PSA molecule binds to α1-antichymotrypsin and α2-macroglobulin
none of the above
How many days does spermatogenesis take in the man?
16
32
64
90
Which innervations mediate detumescence?
cavernous nerves
dorsal nerves of the penis
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
What is the creatinine clearance in ml/min for a 70 kg man aging 50 yrs. with 1.1 mg/dL serum creatinine?
79.54
44.19
84.15
94.25