small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
D. MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
air
water
fat
bone
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging