seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
A. seminoma
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
air
water
fat
bone
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine