an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
A. an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
acute bleed on top of old hematoma
mature teratoma
sex cord stromal tumors
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
peripheral zone of the prostate
ejaculatory duct
tip of the right seminal vesicle
tip of the left lateral lobe of the prostate
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves