63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper and 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Silver and chromium
C. Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Refine grain structure
Reduce segregation in casting
Improve mechanical properties
Induce stresses
50 : 50
40 : 60
60 : 40
10 : 90
1539°C
1601°C
1489°C
1712°C
Low carbon steel
High carbon steel
Medium carbon steel
High speed steel
Nickel, copper
Nickel, molybdenum
Zinc, tin, lead
Nickel, lead and tin
Silver and some impurities
Refined silver
Nickel, Copper and zinc
Nickel and copper
400°C to 600°C
600°C to 900°C
900°C to 1400°C
1400°C to 1530°C
Hard
Soft
Tough
Hard and tough
Duralumin
Y-alloy
Magnalium
Hindalium
Brittleness
Ductility
Malleability
Plasticity
0.5 to 1 %
1.2 %
2.5 to 4.5 %
5 to 7 %
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
600 VPN
1500 VPN
1000 to 1100 VPN
250 VPN
RC 65
RC 48
RC 57
RC 80
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled in still air
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled suddenly in a suitable cooling medium
Heated from 30°C to 50°C above the upper critical temperature and then cooled slowly in the furnace
Heated below or closes to the lower critical temperature and then cooled slowly
Below 723°C
770 to 910°C
910 to 1440°C
1400 to 1539°C
Current
Voltage
Frequency
Temperature
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improve corrosion and heat resistant proper ties
Improves cutting ability and reduce hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anti corrosion property
Blast furnace
Cupola
Open hearth furnace
Bessemer converter
Duralumin
Brass
Copper
Silver
Silver, copper, zinc
Silver, tin, nickel
Silver, lead, zinc
Silver, copper, aluminium
Has a fixed structure under all conditions
Exists in several crystal forms at different temperatures
Responds to heat treatment
Has its atoms distributed in a random pattern
Eutectic cast irons
Hypoeutectic cast irons
Hypereutectic cast irons
None of these
Substitutional solution
Interstitial solid solution
Intermetallic compounds
All of the above
Equal to
Less than
More than
None of these
Is less tough and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is less tough and has a less tendency to distort during heat treatment
Is more ductile and has a greater tendency to distort during heat treatment
Steel with 0.8% carbon is wholly pearlite
The amount of cementite increases with the increase in percentage of carbon in iron
A mechanical mixture of 87% cementite and 13% ferrite is called pearlite
The cementite is identified as round particles in the structure
Free carbon
Graphite
Cementite
White carbon
50 : 20 : 20 : 10
40 : 30 : 20 : 10
50 : 20 : 10 : 20
30 : 20 : 30 : 20
63 to 67% nickel and 30% copper
88% copper, 10% tin and rest zinc
Alloy of tin, lead and cadmium
Iron scrap and zinc