Make the steel tougher and harder
Raise the yield point
Make the steel ductile and of good bending qualities
All of the above
C. Make the steel ductile and of good bending qualities
400°C to 600°C
600°C to 900°C
900°C to 1400°C
1400°C to 1530°C
0.04 %
0.35 to 0.45 %
0.4 to 0.6 %
0.6 to 0.8 %
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough, and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or cerium) in the ladle. Graphite is in the nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
High temperature and low strain rates favour brittle fracture
Many metals with hexagonal close packed (H.C.P) crystal structure commonly show brittle fracture
Brittle fracture is always preceded by noise
Cup and cone formation is characteristic for brittle materials
Blackheart cast iron
White-heart cast iron
Both (A) and (B)
None of these
Hard
Soft
Tough
Hard and tough
Does not effect
Lowers
Raises
None of these
Deformation under stress
Externally applied forces with breakdown or yielding
Fracture due to high impact loads
None of these
Linear
Nonlinear
Plastic
No fixed relationship
It easily machinable
It brittle
It hard
The casting unsound
Has a fixed structure under all conditions
Exists in several crystal forms at different temperatures
Responds to heat treatment
Has its atoms distributed in a random pattern
α-iron
β-iron
γ-iron
δ-iron
Deformation under stress
Fracture due to high impact loads
Externally applied forces with breakdown or yielding
None of the above
Shot peening
Nitriding of surface
Cold working
Surface decarburisation
Improve machinability
Improve ductility
Improve toughness
Release stresses
Acts as deoxidiser
Reduces the grain size
Decreases tensile strength and hardness
Lowers the toughness and transverse ductility
70% copper and 30% zinc
90% copper and 10% tin
85 - 92% copper and rest tin with little lead and nickel
70 - 78% copper and rest tin
Blast furnace
Cupola
Open hearth furnace
Bessemer converter
Magnesium alloys
Titanium alloys
Chromium alloys
Magnetic steel alloys
94% aluminium, 4% copper and 0.5% Mn, Mg, Si and Fe
92.5% aluminium, 4% copper, 2% nickel, and 1.5% Mg
10% aluminium and 90% copper
90% magnesium and 9% aluminium with some copper
Pearlite
Ferrite
Cementite
Martensite
Modulus of elasticity is fairly low
Wear resistance is very good
Fatigue strength is not high
Creep strength limits its use to fairly low temperatures
Steel
Al2O3
SiO2
MgO
Manganese
Magnesium
Nickel
Silicon
Providing corrosion resistance
Improving machining properties
Providing high strength at elevated temperatures
Raising the elastic limit
600°C
700°C
723°C
913°C
Stages at which allotropic forms change
Stages at which further heating does not increase temperature for some time
Stages at which properties do not change with increase in temperature
There is nothing like points of arrest
Austenite
Pearlite
Ferrite
Cementite
Improvement of casting characteristics
Improvement of corrosion resistance
One of the best known age and precipitation hardening systems
Improving machinability
High resistance to rusting and corrosion
High ductility
Ability of hold protective coating
Uniform strength in all directions