commonly used in combination with a GnRH agonist
less effective than medical or surgical castration
not recommended for localized prostate cancer
inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
D. inhibits various cytochrome P-450 enzymes
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
> 50% of men with PSA > 10 ng/mL have the disease beyond the prostate
pelvic lymph node involvement is found in PSA > 20 ng/mL
70% of men with a PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
80% of men with PSA < 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease
survival rate
pathologic stage
extracapsular extension
lymph node involvement
54 Gy
64 Gy
74 Gy
84 Gy
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2
preserving potency
avoiding incontinence
less bleeding
all of the above
it overdiagnoses clinically insignificant cancers
it misses clinically significant cancers in the anterior or apical regions
it may underrepresent true cancer burden
all of the above
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
hematospermia might persist for 4 6 weeks after taking biopsies
quinolone antibiotics prophylaxis eliminate possible infections
the right lateral decubitus position is commonly preferred
only hypoechoic lesions should be biopsied
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
¼
½
85% of prostate adenocarcinomas are located in the peripheral zone
15% of them are multifocal
they tend to extend outside the prostate through the perineural space
the presence of perineural invasion does not worsen the prognosis
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
at average risk, aging 50 yrs., and have at least a 10-year life expectancy
aging 40 yrs., and had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
aging 40 yrs., African Americans
all of the above
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
never
unlikely
likely
always
volume ≥ 0.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 4
volume ≥ 0.8 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 4
volume ≥ 1.5 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 4 + 3
volume ≥ 1.0 mL and/or a Gleason score of ≥ 3 + 3