if PSA reading had exceeded 2.7 ng/ml over 12 months
if free PSA reading was less than 0.4 ng/ml
if total PSA reading was greater than 8 ng/ml
any of the above
D. any of the above
serum BUN : creatinine > 20
urine [Na] < 30 mEq/L
Na excretion fraction < 1
all of the above
influenced by food and medications
renal stones form at the extremes of pH range
reliable only when measured by 24 hr. urine collection
ranges from 4 7
internal and external iliac
superficial inguinal
deep inguinal
superficial and deep inguinal
cisplatin
ifosfamide
phosphomycin
amphotericin B
decrease plasma estradiol levels
increase plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin levels
suppression of suprarenal androgens
exaggerated pituitary response to feedback hormones
third
fourth
fifth
seventh
the free form of PSA exists in small proportions in the body, and found mainly in BPH and in the ejaculate
α1- anti chymotrypsin binds to 3 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
α2- macroglobulin binds to 5 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
the purified PSA molecule has a molecular weight of 90 kDa
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
79.54
44.19
84.15
94.25
from early morning urine sample
comparing urine and serum calcium at a given time
performing 24 urine collection
from a mid-stream urine sample
by increasing oxalate absorption
by heterogeneous nucleation
by inducing hyperoxaluria
by reducing urate crystals saturation
inferior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
celiac artery
common iliac artery
has a limited cross-resistance with most common antibacterial agents
causes injection site reactions
is active against most uropathogens
is effective as a single-dose agent
somatic innervations
sympathetic fibers from T11 - L2
the pudendal nerve
the obturator nerve
erythropoietin
renin
angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
4 to 6
7 to 9
10 to 12
13 to 14
hypercholesterolemia
hyperuricemia
hypoglycemia
hypercalcemia
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
trauma to the prostate
digital rectal examination
urinary retention
prostatitis
the brain cortex
the sacral cord
the lumbar cord
the hypothalamus
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
if PSA reading had exceeded 2.7 ng/ml over 12 months
if free PSA reading was less than 0.4 ng/ml
if total PSA reading was greater than 8 ng/ml
any of the above
dehydration
myoglobinuria
high doses of vitamin C
all of the above
protease
lyase
carboxylase
hydrolase
5 6 yrs.
7 8 yrs.
9 10 yrs.
11 12 yrs.
it is a reduction reaction that converts nitrate to nitrite
nitrazine reagent papers are used to elicit the reaction
it is false negative in diluted urine, on taking vitamin C, and in gram +ve bacteria
the reaction takes 4 minutes to complete
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
pituitary over secretion of ACTH
exogenous administration of glucocorticoids
immune-mediated disease
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
prostatic fascia and levator fascia
prostate capsule and prostatic fascia
Denonvilliers fascia and prostate capsule
Denonvilliers fascia and endopelvic fascia
hoarseness of voice
enlargement of testes
appearance of axillary hair
change in body odor