loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
potassium sparing diuretics
osmotic diuretics
B. thiazide diuretics
inferior mesenteric artery
superior mesenteric artery
celiac artery
common iliac artery
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
hepatic toxicity
renal toxicity
neural toxicity
cardiac toxicity
full bladder or rectum
tooth extraction
hypertension medications
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion
programmed cell death
new vascular formation
uninhibited neural stimulation
premature muscular contraction
loop diuretics
thiazide diuretics
potassium sparing diuretics
osmotic diuretics
decrease plasma estradiol levels
increase plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin levels
suppression of suprarenal androgens
exaggerated pituitary response to feedback hormones
malignancy is identified in patients presenting with microhematuria more than in patients presenting with gross hematuria
microscopic hematuria is defined as > 3 red blood cells per high powered field (RBC/hpf) on a single specimen
warrants full hematuria workup
history of cigarette smoking is of significance
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
obturator artery
midrectal artery
inferior vesical artery
pudendal artery
short female urethra
pregnancy
vaginal colonization with enterobacteria
all the above
S1
S2-S4
T11-L2
L3-S1
third
fourth
fifth
seventh
occurs after acrosome reaction
entails removal of a glycoprotein layer
it is a biochemical event of sperm maturation
changes occur in the female genital tract
Serratia marcescens
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium difficile
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
the loin region
the inguinal region
the umbilical region
the penis or clitoris
lower ureteral stricture
ureteral valve
modified Lich-Gregoire ureteral reimplantation
residual dilation of hydroureter
amoxicillin
gentamycin
diclofenac
herb extract
vancomycin
cefotaxime
penicillin G
tobramycin
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
16
32
64
90
infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
seminoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant melanoma
renal tuberculosis
urinary tract stones
interstitial cystitis
all of the above
the brain cortex
the sacral cord
the lumbar cord
the hypothalamus
depends on the ability of hemoglobin to oxidize a chromogen indicator
negative results need to be confirmed by microscopic examination
has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 75%
the presence of many epithelial cells suggests skin or vaginal contamination
5α-reductase enzyme reduces testosterone to DHT
aromatase enzyme reduces testosterone to estrogen
PSA molecule binds to α1-antichymotrypsin and α2-macroglobulin
none of the above
prostatic fascia and levator fascia
prostate capsule and prostatic fascia
Denonvilliers fascia and prostate capsule
Denonvilliers fascia and endopelvic fascia
seminal vesicles
the prostate
testes
bulbourethral glands