obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
C. patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
peripheral zone of the prostate
ejaculatory duct
tip of the right seminal vesicle
tip of the left lateral lobe of the prostate
air
water
fat
bone
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c