long arm of X chromosome
long arm of Y chromosome
short arm of Y chromosome
short arm of X chromosome
C. short arm of Y chromosome
intimal fibroplasia
medial fibroplasia
medial hyperplasia
serosal hyperplasia
decrease plasma estradiol levels
increase plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin levels
suppression of suprarenal androgens
exaggerated pituitary response to feedback hormones
clotting factor VIII deficiency
clotting factor IX deficiency
breech delivery
scrotal cavernous haemangioma
influenced by food and medications
renal stones form at the extremes of pH range
reliable only when measured by 24 hr. urine collection
ranges from 4 7
4 to 6
7 to 9
10 to 12
13 to 14
trauma to the prostate
digital rectal examination
urinary retention
prostatitis
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
renal pelvis
branches of the renal artery
tributaries of renal vein
all of the above
opening of internal bladder sphincter
fall in urethral pressure
rise in intravesical pressure
cessation of sphincter EMG activity
increase collecting duct permeability
increase medullary blood flow
decrease cortical blood flow
decrease potassium secretion
each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
hyperoxaluria
hypercalciuria
hyperuricosuria
hyperphosphateuria
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
tamsulosin
doxazosin
dutasteride
alfuzosin
16
32
64
90
hypogastric
internal iliac
external iliac
lateral sacral
Watson plexus
capsular arteries and veins
inferior vesical and midrectal vessels
Santorini plexus
hypotension and tachycardia
hypotension and bradycardia
hypertension and tachycardia
hypertension and bradycardia
long arm of X chromosome
long arm of Y chromosome
short arm of Y chromosome
short arm of X chromosome
allopurinol
aminoglycosides
cimetidine
all of the above
there are 4 surgical segments of the kidney, based on the segmental artery distribution
along the kidney convexity, there is an avascular plane
there are no collaterals between segmental arteries
in < 10%, the posterior branch is the first to branch off the renal artery
high protein diet
hypokalaemia
proximal renal tubular acidosis
idiopathic
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
pituitary over secretion of ACTH
exogenous administration of glucocorticoids
immune-mediated disease
granular
hyaline
waxy
pigment
α1-A
α2-A
α1-B
α2-B
Staphylococcus epidermidis in the urine
dried urate crystals on the diaper
Adenovirus 11 in the urine
Candidiasis in the urine
harder to catheterize when compared to the male urethra
4 inch long
opens into the vestibule below the clitoris
gets wider at the post-menopausal age
autoimmune disease in 70% of the cases
diagnosed by the rapid ACTH stimulation test
characterized by low serum sodium and high potassium
may coexist with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
bulbous urethra