How does estrogen prevent lower UTI in postmenopausal women?
increasing vaginal secretions
decreasing vaginal pH
increasing normal vaginal flora
decreasing bacterial adherence
Correct Answer :
B. decreasing vaginal pH
vaginal acidity helps in fighting UTIs.
Related Questions
Which of the following lab results indicates prerenal failure?
serum BUN : creatinine > 20
urine [Na] < 30 mEq/L
Na excretion fraction < 1
all of the above
Which part of the male urethra is the narrowest?
the membranous
the bladder neck
the bulbous
the external urethral meatus
What antibiotic could result in red man syndrome?
vancomycin
clindamycin
streptomycin
tobramycin
What increases blood volume and pressure in corpora cavernosa during erection is:
increase in sympathetic discharge
contraction of ischiocavernosa and bulbocavernosa muscles
increase arterial flow and closure of emissary veins
shunting of blood from the dorsal to the central cavernosal artery
Beside renal excretion of sodium, what does atrial natriuretic hormone cause?
constriction of renal afferent arterioles
renin inhibition
aldosterone stimulation
rise in systemic blood pressure
What could render red urine workup, false positive for hematuria?
dehydration
myoglobinuria
high doses of vitamin C
all of the above
In males, which of the following structure(s) can NOT be palpated during digital rectal examination?
pelvic floor muscles
seminal vesicles
anterior surface of the sacrum
median lobe of the prostate
The mature genitourinary system develops from all of the following embryonic sources, EXCEPT:
intermediate mesoderm
mesothelium of celomic cavity
endoderm of the urogenital sinus
somatic ectoderm
What is the most frequent anomaly associated with multicystic renal dysplasia?
ureteral atresia
vesicoureteral reflux
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureteral duplication
Which of the following is NOT related to von Hippel-Lindau disease?
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys
What causes ureteral dilation during pregnancy is:
mechanical compression by the gravid uterus
physiological increase urine flow during pregnancy
elevated levels of progesterone
reflex inhibition of ureteral contractions
What is the half-life of β-HCG?
5 7 days
24 36 hours
2 3 days
12 24 hours
What is the best initial therapy for hyponatremic dehydration?
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
Which class of the following agents does NOT impair spermatogenesis?
alkylating agents
phenothiazines
antiandrogens
prostaglandins
What is false concerning PSA molecule?
the free form of PSA exists in small proportions in the body, and found mainly in BPH and in the ejaculate
α1- anti chymotrypsin binds to 3 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
α2- macroglobulin binds to 5 epitopes of the PSA molecule to form a complexed PSA
the purified PSA molecule has a molecular weight of 90 kDa
What fascial layer(s) cover(s) the prostate?
Denonvilliers fascia
prostatic fascia
levator fascia
all of the above
Which artery is NOT a branch of the anterior division of internal iliac artery?
superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery
superior gluteal artery
inferior gluteal artery
What is the approximated bladder capacity of an 8 yrs. girl?
150 ml
200 ml
250 ml
300 ml
Which of the following explains infertility in liver cirrhosis male patients?
decrease plasma estradiol levels
increase plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin levels
suppression of suprarenal androgens
exaggerated pituitary response to feedback hormones
Which of the following diabetes mellitus treatments causes erectile dysfunction?
long-acting insulin
metformin
sulfonylurea
none of the above
Which of the following is false regarding Addison`s disease?
autoimmune disease in 70% of the cases
diagnosed by the rapid ACTH stimulation test
characterized by low serum sodium and high potassium
may coexist with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus
Which of the following does NOT affect serum creatinine?
gender
age
obstructing stone at left lower ureter
rhabdomyolysis
How long post bilateral orchiectomy, will patients be functionally castrated?
immediately
after 2 hrs.
after 12 hrs.
after 24 hrs.
At which condition is alpha-fetoprotein most frequently elevated?
infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
seminoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant melanoma
Which of the following does NOT increase in prostate cancer?
human kallikrein 2
pro-PSA
free PSA
complexed PSA
Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypocitraturia?
high protein diet
hypokalaemia
proximal renal tubular acidosis
idiopathic
In utero, which hormone stimulates the development of Wolffian ducts?
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
What is the nature of the prostate-specific antigen?
protease
lyase
carboxylase
hydrolase
What could cause autonomic dysreflexia?
full bladder or rectum
tooth extraction
hypertension medications
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
What is the most significant complication of cyclosporine?
hepatic toxicity
renal toxicity
neural toxicity
cardiac toxicity