Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for RCC?
type II DM, especially in males
hypertension
obesity, especially in females
cigarette smoking
Correct Answer :
A. type II DM, especially in males
DM has no proven link to RCC development.
Related Questions
What is the likelihood that simple renal cysts increase in size and number over time?
never
unlikely
likely
always
d. CT can detect renal vein involvement in 82-95% of cases and vena caval involvement in 95-100% of cases
. In RCC, ipsilateral adrenal metastasis occurs in:
0.3 - 2%
2 - 10%
11 - 18%
What is (are) true regarding the etiology of medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD)?
mutations in the MCKD1 (chromosome 1q21) gene
mutations in the MCKD2 (chromosome 16q12) gene
inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion
all of the above
What is true regarding cancer incidence in renal cystic diseases?
is > 90% in Bosniak type IV renal cysts
in patients receiving renal transplants for polycystic kidney disease is 48% higher than that expected in the general population
all of the above
simple renal cysts might turn malignant in < 4% of cases
What is false concerning renal cancers?
papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality
chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma
a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC
bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients
What is (are) the risk factor(s) for developing simple renal cysts?
male gender
hypertension
renal insufficiency
all of the above
What can NOT be a manifestation of a renal tumor?
right hydrocele
left varicocele
painless hematuria
hypertension
What is true regarding renal angiomyolipoma (AML)?
most classic AMLs eventually undergo malignant transformation to sarcomatoid and epithelioid AML
the preferred treatment is nephroureterectomy followed by active surveillance
angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm
extra-renal sites include the pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroids
The diagnosis of renal adenoma is commonly made:
at autopsy
by staining positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45
by fine-needle aspiration cytology
by exclusion
Antenatal sonography is the diagnostic tool for the following condition:
glomerulocystic kidney disease
developmental cystic renal disease
Juvenile nephronophthisis
medullary cystic kidney disease
d. unilateral RCC with a functioning opposite kidney, but at risk for future impairment
. What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?
1- 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
On histological examination of a resected renal tumor, the presence of multiple mitochondria observed on electron microscopy is diagnostic for:
renal oncocytoma
multiloculated cystic nephromas
metanephric adenoma
adenoma with clear cell
In renal mass(es), the main indication to take a renal biopsy is the suspicion of:
papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
What is false concerning renal angiomyolipoma (AML)?
most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic
renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage
may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs
What does determine the renal function status after partial nephrectomy of a single kidney?
the quality of the kidney and renal function prior to surgery
the quantity of vascularized parenchymal mass preserved after excision
the tumor
warm ischemia time
In a localized RCC, local recurrence after tumor ablation therapy is managed by any of the following options, EXCEPT:
repeat ablation
active surveillance
salvage surgery
radical nephrectomy
d. prior to kidney transplant
. What is an indication for radical nephrectomy?
a 6-cm, polar tumor
bilateral RCC
locally advanced RCC
What is the treatment of a 3-cm renal mass suggestive of RCC adjacent to a huge renal cyst?
cyst aspiration and sclerosis
partial nephrectomy
endoscopic marsupialization and fulguration of the cyst
administration of TKIs
The etiology of renal cysts includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
developmental cystic renal disease
inherited cystic renal disease
systemic disease with associated renal cysts
Which of the following renal tumors carries the best prognosis?
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
carcinoid
adult Wilm`s tumor
What is the most common cause of genetic ESRD in children?
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
Regarding simple renal cysts, fluid attenuation on non-contrast CT series is:
< - 10 HU
< - 20 HU
< 10 HU
< 20 HU
On ultrasonography, what are the percentages of incidentally discovered renal masses that will later be malignant on further workup?
70 - 85%
55 - 70%
40 - 55%
25 - 40%
What is false concerning end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
ARPKD accounts for 5% of ESRD in children
more than one-half of patients with ARPKD require kidney transplant before age 20 years
ADPKD is a common cause of ESRD
uncommonly, juvenile nephronophthisis causes ESRD in children
Which RCC subtype is most likely to benefit from targeted molecular therapy?
clear cell
chromophobe
papillary
renal medullary
d. melanoma
. The second most common RCC subtype is:
collecting duct b. clear cell
papillary
chromophobe
CT shows a renal mass with calcifications associated with fat. What could the lesion be?
RCC
AML
teratoma
any of the above
After radical nephrectomy, what is the 5-year survival rate for stage I RCC?
80%
85%
90%
95%
What is the most powerful single predictor of oncologic outcomes in RCC cases?
margin status and grade
tumor size
tumor stage
the time interval between the tumor emergence and excision
Which of the following factors is associated with increased survival in patients with metastatic kidney tumors?
physically active patients with good performance status
extirpation of the primary tumor
long disease-free interval between initial nephrectomy and the emergence of secondaries
all of the above