most classic AMLs eventually undergo malignant transformation to sarcomatoid and epithelioid AML
the preferred treatment is nephroureterectomy followed by active surveillance
angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm
extra-renal sites include the pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroids
C. angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm
acquired cystic renal disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
medullary sponge kidney
bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney
glomerulocystic kidney disease
developmental cystic renal disease
Juvenile nephronophthisis
medullary cystic kidney disease
70 - 85%
55 - 70%
40 - 55%
25 - 40%
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
cyst aspiration and sclerosis
partial nephrectomy
endoscopic marsupialization and fulguration of the cyst
administration of TKIs
. What is false concerning targeted molecular therapy?
is a personalized medical therapy devised to meet each persons individual needs for cancer`s specifications
treats cancer by interrupting unique molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth
some cancer types have different molecular targets
. The second most common RCC subtype is:
collecting duct b. clear cell
papillary
chromophobe
progress to ESRD in the sixth decade of life
hypertension is seen in 80% of patients with ADPKD aged 20-34 years
aortic valve stenosis in 25%
manifestations are more significant in patients with the PKD2 genotype
1
2
3
4
right hydrocele
left varicocele
painless hematuria
hypertension
glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD)
Juvenile nephronophthisis (JNPHP)
medullary cystic kidney disease
all of the above
. What is the most common histologic subtype of renal sarcomas?
rhabdomyosarcoma
nephrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
< - 10 HU
< - 20 HU
< 10 HU
< 20 HU
I
II
III
IV
ARPKD accounts for 5% of ESRD in children
more than one-half of patients with ARPKD require kidney transplant before age 20 years
ADPKD is a common cause of ESRD
uncommonly, juvenile nephronophthisis causes ESRD in children
. Manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with RCC include all of the following, EXCEPT:
anemia and erythrocytosis
hepatic dysfunction and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels
hypocalcemia
. What is false regarding radical nephrectomy operation?
nodal involvement doesn`t influence prognosis
renal artery should be ligated before the vein to avoid kidney ballooning
cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is performed in patients with supra-diaphragmatic tumor thrombi
. What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?
1- 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
is the first and most reliable radiologic examination to study IVC thrombi
is reserved for patients with equivocal MRI or CT findings
is obsolete and has fallen out of use
carries a risk of IVC terrible bleeding that outweighs the diagnostic merits
papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
repeat ablation
active surveillance
salvage surgery
radical nephrectomy
adenoma with clear cell
papillary adenoma
metanephric adenoma
none of the above
hyperattenuating renal cyst
solitary renal cyst
uncomplicated renal cyst
focal renal cyst
is > 90% in Bosniak type IV renal cysts
in patients receiving renal transplants for polycystic kidney disease is 48% higher than that expected in the general population
all of the above
simple renal cysts might turn malignant in < 4% of cases
renal oncocytoma
multiloculated cystic nephromas
metanephric adenoma
adenoma with clear cell
they follow a benign clinical course
they have a bimodal age distribution
they are more common in men than in women
none of the above
the central scar on CT or MRI, and the spoke-wheel pattern of vessels on angiograms are not specific to oncocytoma
calcification, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare in oncocytomas
it is thought to arise from the basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules
treatment is partial nephrectomy or tumor excision
. What is an indication for radical nephrectomy?
a 6-cm, polar tumor
bilateral RCC
locally advanced RCC
20%
30%
40%
50%
. Metastatic tumors to the kidney are common from all of the following organs, EXCEPT:
lungs
thyroid
breasts